Oenanthe leucopyga  WHITE-TAILED WHEATEAR.  Rocky desert, around human human habitation.  Sahara Desert from se Morocco and inland n Algeria e to Egypt and the Red Sea, s to s Mauritania, n Mali, s Niger, c Chad, n Sudan, ne Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti; from the Sinai Peninsula n to the Dead Sea; isolated colonies in Saudi Arabia, possibly in s Iraq and sw Iran.
Oenanthe monacha  HOODED WHEATEAR.  Rocky desert ravines.  Ne Sudan, e Egypt e to Sinai Peninsula and Dead Sea, c,e Arabia in c Saudi Arabia and Oman, c,s,se Iran, s Afghanistan and s Pakistan.
Oenanthe alboniger  HUME'S WHEATEAR.  Bare, rocky hills, boulders, mountain valleys.  Locally in Oman; from n Iraq and c,s Iran e through s Afghanistan to Pakistan from Gilgit s to Baluchistan, Sind.

Oenanthe leucura  BLACK WHEATEAR.  Rocky arid hills, cliffs, coastal hills.  Iberian Peninsula (exc. n), Mediterranean coast of s France and nw Italy, Sardinia; from Mauritania, Morocco and n Algeria e to s Tunisia and nw,ne Libya; one record from Egypt.
Oenanthe monticola  MOUNTAIN WHEATEAR.  Rocky, dry hills, buildings.  From c,sw Angola s through Namibia (exc. ne) and s Botswana to S. Africa, exc. nw Transvaal and e coastal forests.
Oenanthe phillipsi  SOMALI WHEATEAR.  Grassland, acacia savanna, rocky hills.  Mts., 600-2000 m in se Ethiopia and n,c Somalia.  Sometimes treated as a race of O. oenanthe.
Oenanthe oenanthe  NORTHERN WHEATEAR.  Stony barrens, tundra, plains, deserts, pastures, seacoast.

The two subspecies groups sometimes are treated as separate species.
O. o. oenanthe.  Lowlands and mts. from Greenland, Jan Mayen, Iceland, British Isles, Faroes and n Scandinavia e across n Russia incl. Novaya Zemlya and n Siberia to Chukotski Peninsula, s to n Mediterranean region incl. most islands, Turkey, Lebanon, n Iraq, Iran, n Afghanistan, w,n China, Mongolia and sc,ce Siberia to Transbaicalia and Sea of Okhotsk (absent from Amurland, Ussuriland, Sakhalin, Kamchatka).  N. America from n Alaska, n Yukon and nw Mackenzie s to w,sc Alaska to Kenai Peninsula and s Yukon; from c Ellesmere I. s to Boothia Peninsula, se Keewatin, e,s Baffin I., n Quebec and Labrador.
O. o. seebohmi.  Nw Africa in c,n Morocco and ne Algeria.

Oenanthe lugens  MOURNING WHEATEAR.  Rocky hills, ravines, plains.  Locally from s Morocco e through s,nc Algeria, n Niger, Tunisia, n Libya and nw,e,s Egypt incl. Sinai Pen., to Near and Middle East, nw Arabia; sw Pakistan.  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 356) include lugentoides and lugubris in lugens -- but they are allopatric and either treatment can be defended, depending on the species concept it is based on.
Oenanthe lugentoides  ARABIAN WHEATEAR.  Rocky hills, desert.  Locally from s Saudi Arabia to Yemen and Oman.  Sometimes included in O. lugens.
Oenanthe lugubris  SCHALOW'S WHEATEAR.  Rocky hills, ravines, plains.  Highlands of Ethiopia, n Somalia, w,sc Kenya and cn Tanzania.  Sometimes included in O. lugens.

Oenanthe finschii  FINSCH'S WHEATEAR.  Rocky arid country, farms.  Turkey, Caucasus n to ne Caspian and Aral seas and e to sw Turkestan, w,n Iran, n Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Oenanthe picata  VARIABLE WHEATEAR.  Rocky open country, fields, buildings.  Lowlands to 3050 m from ne,se Iran and Transcaspia e to Tadshikistan, Afghanistan and w,n Pakistan from Gilgit and Chitral s to n Baluchistan.
Oenanthe moesta  RED-RUMPED WHEATEAR.  Flat, arid areas, often near saline flats with bushes.  From w Mauritania and s Morocco e through cn Algeria, c,s Tunisia, n Libya and nw Egypt to the Sinai Pen., and ne to s Syria, Jordan, nw Saudi Arabia and sw Iraq.

Oenanthe hispanica  BLACK-EARED WHEATEAR.  Open rocky areas, barren or with sparse trees, farms.  From the Iberian Peninsula, s France, Sicily, Italy, Yugoslavia, w,s Romania and Greece e to Crete, Turkey, Near East, n Iraq, w,s Iran and Transcaucasus; nw Africa from nw Mauritania e through Morocco, n Algeria and Tunisia to nw Libya.

Oenanthe pleschanka  PIED WHEATEAR.  Stony ground with sparse vegetation, river banks, desert, farms.  From Romania e through s Russia from the Crimea n to s Ural Mts. and sw Siberia from the s Urals and Altai e to L. Baikal and w Transbaicalia, s to n,c Iran, Afghanistan, n Pakistan, nw India and w,nc China from w,n Sinkiang e to n Inner Mongolia and Hopeh.
Oenanthe cypriaca  CYPRUS WHEATEAR.  Open stony areas, farms.  Cyprus.  Sometimes included in O. pleschanka, but apparently vocally distinct.
Oenanthe xanthoprymna  RUFOUS-TAILED WHEATEAR.  Stony, barren hills with sparse bushes.  Mts. in e Turkey, Iran, Armenia and from s Transcaspia to Tadzhikistan and c,e Afghanistan.

Oenanthe deserti  DESERT WHEATEAR.  Open, flat areas, hummocks, in semi-desert.  From Mauritania and ne Morocco e through c Algeria, s Tunisia and n,e Libya to Egypt and n Sudan, e through nw Saudi Arabia, Near and Middle East, s Caucasus e to n Pakistan, nw India, Tibet, w,nc China and Mongolia.
Oenanthe pileata  CAPPED WHEATEAR.  Open, bare ground, short grass, burned-over grassland.  In c,s Kenya and ne,c,s Tanzania s through Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique to S. Africa (exc. Lesotho and se coast in Natal); w to sw,cs,se,ce Zaire, Angola, Botswana and Namibia.
Oenanthe isabellina  ISABELLINE WHEATEAR.  Plains, stony desert.  From Turkey, s Russia n to lower Volga River, ne of Black Sea and n of Caspian Sea to Caucasus, sw Siberia from Altai e to Transbaicalia and Mongolia, s to Near East, n Arabia, n Iraq, Iran, n Pakistan, Tibet and w,n China from w Sinkiang e to Inner Mongolia and w Heilungkiang.

Oenanthe bottae  BOTTA'S WHEATEAR.  Grassy areas in hills.  Mts. above 1800 m in sw Arabia from Mecca s to Yemen and the highlands of Ethiopia.
Oenanthe heuglini  HEUGLIN'S WHEATEAR.  Grassy areas in hills.  Lowlands in Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Togo, Benin, n Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, C. African Rep., Sudan and sw Ethiopia to n Uganda and nw Kenya.  Included in bottae by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 356).
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Cercomela:  Chats.  Africa and s. Asia.  Sexes alike.  The African species are brownish or grayish above and below, tail blackish or gray with white outer rectrices; rump white or rufous; fusca of India is plain brown, rufescent below with blackish tail.  They live in open, dry, often rocky areas.  Feed on insects taken on the ground or wing.  Nest a bulky mass of grass, leaves, etc., familiaris includes mud; on the ground in a hole or crevice with a fringe or platform of pebbles or clods of earth; 3-4 eggs, blue or greenish with reddish markings.
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Cercomela sinuata  SICKLEWING CHAT.  Dry, bare ground with sparse bushes, fields, pastures.  Lowlands and mts. in s Namibia, s Botswana and S. Africa in the arid portions of Cape Province, Lesotho, Orange Free State and sw Transvaal.
Cercomela schlegelii  KAROO CHAT.  Dry, hilly country with scrubby cover.  From wc Angola s to w,s Namibia and S. Africa from n,w,c,ne Cape Province to sw,c Orange Free State.
Cercomela tractrac  TRACTRAC CHAT.  Open, arid country with sparse vegetation.  From sw Angola, nw Namibia and s to nw,c S. Africa in nw,c,ne Cape Province and sw Orange Free State.
Cercomela familiaris  FAMILIAR CHAT.  Rocky, hilly woodland and scrub, towns.  In Senegal, s Mauritania, Guinea, Ivory Coast, n Ghana, Burkina Faso, sw Mali, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, n Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Sudan and nw,s Ethiopia s (exc. forests), Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and S. Africa.

Cercomela scotocerca  BROWN-TAILED CHAT.  Rocky hills with bushy cover.  Chad, w,ne Sudan, n Somalia, Ethiopia,Eritrea, n Kenya and ne Uganda.
Cercomela fusca  INDIAN CHAT.  Rocky hills, cliffs.  Lowlands to 1200 m in ne Pakistan and n,c India from the Himalayan foothills e to W. Bengal and s to Rajasthan, Kutch, n Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar.
Cercomela dubia  SOMBRE CHAT.  Rocky country with bushes.  Known only from mts. in ce Ethiopia and nw Somalia.  Sympatric with melanura and scotocerca in Ethiopia.
Cercomela melanura  BLACKSTART.  Rocky desert with sparse bushes.  Mali, Niger, Chad to n Sudan, s Egypt, e Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and n Somalia; from the Dead Sea basin of Israel and Jordan and the Sinai Peninsula s to
Yemen and sw Oman.
Cercomela sordida  MOORLAND CHAT.  Rocky, grassy moorlands above timberline.  High mts. above 2300 m in Ethiopia, e Uganda, Kenya and ne Tanzania.

Myrmecocichla tholloni  CONGO MOOR-CHAT.  Grassland areas in woodland.  Gabon, C. African Rep. and Congo Rep. s to s Angola and e to sc Zaire.
Myrmecocichla aethiops  NORTHERN ANTEATER-CHAT.  Open acacia savanna, often with termite mounds.  Senegambia,s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, n Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Chad and nw Sudan; highlands of Kenya and ne Tanzania.
Myrmecocichla formicivora  SOUTHERN ANTEATER-CHAT.  Acacia savanna, open areas with termite mounds.  Namibia, Botswana and S. Africa, except se Cape Prov., e Natal and ne Transvaal.
Myrmecocichla nigra  SOOTY CHAT.  Grassland and woodland edge.  Senegal, Guinea, n Nigeria and Cameroon highlands, Gabon, Congo, e to C. African Rep., ne Zaire, s Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and w Kenya, s to s Angola, s Zaire, w,c Zambia and Tanzania.

Myrmecocichla melaena  RUEPPELL'S CHAT.  Cliffs, gorges, bare rock, scrub, near waterfalls.  Mts. above 1800 m of n Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Myrmecocichla albifrons  WHITE-FRONTED BLACK-CHAT.  Open woodland, savanna, farms.  Senegambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, n Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep. Chad, ne Zaire, n Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, s Sudan and sw Ethiopia; mts., 1200-1800 m of n Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Myrmecocichla arnotti  WHITE-HEADED BLACK-CHAT.  Open woods, often mopane and brachystegia.  Angola, sw,cs,se Zaire, Zambia, s Tanzania, Malawi and c Mozambique s to ne Namibia, n,ne Botswana, Zimbabwe and ne S. Africa in ne Transvaal.

Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris  MOCKING CLIFF-CHAT.  Cliffs, rocks, hills, in wooded areas, usually arid.  Hills and mts. above 300 m in e Senegambia, Mali, Mauritania, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana; mts. 1200-2450 m in extreme e Sudan and n,c Ethiopia; from ne Zaire, extreme se Sudan, Uganda, s Ethiopia, Eritrea, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya and Tanzania s through Malawi, e Zambia, se Botswana, Zimbabwe and w Mozambique to e S. Africa in Transvaal, Swaziland, w Orange Free State, Natal and e Cape Province.
Thamnolaea coronata  WHITE-CROWNED CLIFF-CHAT.  Cliffs, rocks, hills, in wooded areas, usually arid.  N Togo, se Burkina Faso, s Mali (Mopti; Mandingo Mts.), Benin, n Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Chad, w Sudan (Darfur).  Included in cinnamomeiventris by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 356), who note "the two are perhaps incipient species ...."  This is another example of the uncertainty resulting from incomplete evidence and differing species concepts.  Either treatment is acceptable and it may be impossible to arrive at a single, clear answer.

Thamnolaea semirufa  WHITE-WINGED CLIFF-CHAT.  Cliffs, gorges, grassland.  Mts., 1500-2450 m of Ethiopia and Eritrea.  In rocks and gorges, 1800-2450 m in the north; savanna grassland, 1500-1800 m in the south.  Apparently ecologically separate from cinnamomeiventris in overlap areas.
Pinarornis plumosus  BOULDER CHAT.  Wooded rocky hills among boulders.  Se Africa from se Zambia, s Malawi and nw Mozambique s through c,sw Zimbabwe to ne Botswana.
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Family STURNIDAE
Tribe STURNINI
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Aplonis zelandica  RUSTY-WINGED STARLING.  Forest.  Lowlands in c,n Vanuatu and the Banks and Santa Cruz islands.
Aplonis santovestris  MOUNTAIN STARLING.  Humid forest undergrowth.  Mts. above 1000 m on Espírito Santa in Vanuatu.
Aplonis pelzelni  POHNPEI STARLING.  Forest.  Mts. usually above 300 m on Pohnpei I. in the e Caroline Islands.
Aplonis atrifusca  SAMOAN STARLING.  Forest, around human habitation.  Lowlands to mt. tops of Samoa.  Reports of extinction were untrue.
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* Aplonis corvina  KOSRAE STARLING.  Extinct.
Kosrae I., Caroline Is.  Known from two specimens, last seen in 1828.
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Aplonis mavornata  MYSTERIOUS STARLING.  Forest.  Probably extinct.  Known from one specimen believed to be from the c or s Pacific Ocean, possibly from Raiatea in Society Is.  Recently reported from a paleoanthropological site on Mauke I. in the Cook Islands.
Aplonis cinerascens  RAROTONGA STARLING.  Forest.  Mts. of Rarotonga I., sw Cook Is.  Nearing extinction.
Aplonis tabuensis  POLYNESIAN STARLING.  Open country, forest, around human habitation.  Lowlands to mt. tops of the s Polynesian islands of Santa Cruz Is., Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, Rotuma I. in Fiji, Tonga and Niue.

Aplonis striata  STRIATED STARLING.  Forest, woods, farms.  New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands.
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* Aplonis fusca  NORFOLK STARLING.  Extinct before 1928.  Formerly Lord Howe and Norfolk islands.
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Aplonis opaca  MICRONESIAN STARLING.  Forest, open areas, farms, around houses.  Micronesian islands of Palau, Mariana and Caroline islands e to Kosrae I.
Aplonis crassa  TANIMBAR STARLING.  Forest.  Tanimbar Islands.
Aplonis cantoroides  SINGING STARLING.  Forest, edge, woods.  Lowlands to 1500 m in the Aru and w Papuan islands, New Guinea, Normanby I. in the D'Entrecasteaux Arch., Louisiade and Bismarck archipelagos and the Solomon Islands.

Aplonis feadensis  ATOLL STARLING.  Woods, open areas.  Nw Bismarck Arch. on Ninigo and Hermit islands; Fead, Nissan and Ontong Java Atoll in the Solomon Islands.
Aplonis insularis  RENNELL STARLING.  Woods, open areas.  Rennell in the s Solomon Is.
Aplonis grandis  BROWN-WINGED STARLING.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1000 m on the Solomon Islands, except San Cristobal.
Aplonis dichroa  SAN CRISTOBAL STARLING.  Forest.  Lowlands of San Cristobal I. in the s Solomons.
Aplonis mysolensis  MOLUCCAN STARLING.  Open areas.  Lowlands in e Sulawesi incl. Banggai and Sula islands; Moluccas from Morotai s to Buru, Ambon, Haruku, Saparua and Seram; w Papuan islands of Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool and smaller adjacent islands.

Aplonis minor  SHORT-TAILED STARLING.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1200 m in Sulawesi incl. many islands off s coast and in the Flores Sea; Lesser Sunda Is. from Sumbawa and Sumba e to Romang and Moa, possibly Bali and Java; Mindanao in the s Philippines.
Aplonis panayensis  ASIAN GLOSSY STARLING.  Second growth, edge, farms, towns.  Lowlands to 1300 m from e India and w Burma s through the Malay Peninsula to the Andaman and Nicobar is., Sumatra incl. most adj. islands; Java, Bali, Borneo incl. Anambas, Natuna and Maratua is.; Sulawesi incl. Togian, Sangihe, Talaud and many small is.; Philippine Is.
Aplonis metallica  METALLIC STARLING.  Forest, edge.  Lowlands to 2300 m in the Moluccas from Morotai s to Buru, Ambon, Seram Laut and Watubela is.; Tanimbar and Aru is., New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is., and ne Australia in coastal ne Queensland from Cape York peninsula s to Hinchinbrook Island.

Aplonis magna  LONG-TAILED STARLING.  Forest, open areas.  Lowlands to 675 m on Biak and Numfor islands in Geelvink Bay off n New Guinea.
Aplonis mystacea  YELLOW-EYED STARLING.  Forest.  S New Guinea from Mimika River to upper Fly River and head of Geelvink Bay.  Probably more widely distributed but difficult to distinguish from metallica.
Aplonis brunneicapilla  WHITE-EYED STARLING.  Forest.  Known only from the lowlands of Bougainville, Rendova and Guadalcanal islands in the Solomon Islands.
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Poeoptera:  Starlings.  Forests in Africa.  Males glossy blue-black, bronze-black or glossy violet; lugubris has a long, graduated tail.  Females duller blue-black with grayish head and chestnut primaries.  Feed on fruits, berries. 
Nest in holes; eggs bluish-gray with brownish speckles in stuhlmanni.
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Poeoptera stuhlmanni  STUHLMANN'S STARLING.  Forest.  Mts., 950-2450 m in ne,ce Zaire, s Sudan, sw Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, w Kenya and w Tanzania.
Poeoptera kenricki  KENRICK'S STARLING.  Forest.  Mt. Kenya in c Kenya and ne Tanzania.
Poeoptera lugubris  NARROW-TAILED STARLING.  Forest.  Up to 1500 m in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, s Cameroon, Fernando Po I., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, C. Afr. Rep., e Zaire and w Uganda, s to n Angola and sw,sc Zaire.
Grafisia torquata  WHITE-COLLARED STARLING. Savanna.  Cameroon, Gabon, s Chad (vagrant) and C. African Rep. e to cn Zaire.  Male dark glossy blue with white breast and sides of neck; female gray with bluish gloss above.  Feed on fruit, especially figs.  Nest and eggs unknown.

Onychognathus walleri  WALLER'S STARLING.  Forest.  Locally in mts. in se Nigeria, Cameroon, Fernando Po I., and from ne,ce Zaire, se Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Kenya s through Tanzania to e Zambia and n Malawi.
Onychognathus nabouroup  PALE-WINGED STARLING.  Arid rocky hills.  From sw Angola s through Namibia to arid interior S. Africa in Cape Province and w Orange Free State.
Onychognathus tristramii  TRISTRAM'S STARLING.  Arid rocky hills.  Lowlands in Near East, Sinai Peninsula in ne Egypt and w,s Arabia s to Yemen and s Oman.
Onychognathus morio  RED-WINGED STARLING.  Rocky hills in savanna, towns.  In s Mauritania, s Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, n,c Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, sw C. African Rep., n Zaire, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea s through e Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, e,s Zambia, se Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique to S. Africa, except n,e Cape Province.

Onychognathus blythii  SOMALI STARLING.  Rocky hills.  N Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and n Somalia; Abd el Kuri and Socotra islands.
Onychognathus frater  SOCOTRA STARLING.  Bushes in rocky hills.  Socotra Island.
Onychognathus fulgidus  CHESTNUT-WINGED STARLING.  Forest clearings.  Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko and São Tomé islands, Gabon, Congo, sw C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire and Uganda, nw Tanzania, s to n Angola and sw,sc,se,ce Zaire.
Onychognathus tenuirostris  SLENDER-BILLED STARLING.  Rocky forested areas, waterfalls.  Mts. to 4575 m in ne,ce Zaire, w Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, n Malawi and e Zambia.

Onychognathus albirostris  WHITE-BILLED STARLING.  Cliffs, rocky hills.  Mts. of Eritrea and n,c Ethiopia.
Onychognathus salvadorii  BRISTLE-CROWNED STARLING.  Rocky gorges, hills.  Extreme se Sudan, ne Uganda, s Ethiopia, Somalia and n Kenya.
Coccycolius iris  IRIS GLOSSY-STARLING or EMERALD STARLING. Savanna.  W Africa in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast. Vagrant in Mali.

Lamprotornis cupreocauda  COPPER-TAILED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Forest.  Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana.
Lamprotornis purpureiceps  PURPLE-HEADED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Forest.  Guinea, Ivory Coast, s Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, sw Congo, Cabinda, sw C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, Uganda and sw,sc,ce Zaire.
Lamprotornis corruscus  BLACK-BELLIED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Forest, riparian bush.  From se Somalia and e,c Kenya s coastally through Tanzania, Zanzibar I., Mozambique and e Zimbabwe to e,s S. Africa in se Transvaal, e Swaziland, Natal and e,cs Cape Province.
Lamprotornis purpureus  PURPLE GLOSSY-STARLING.  Savanna woodland.  Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, s Sudan, ne Zaire, Uganda and nw Kenya.

Lamprotornis nitens  RED-SHOULDERED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Acacia woodland.  Gabon, w Angola, Namibia, sw Zambia and c Zimbabwe, s to Botswana, extreme s Mozambique and S. Africa.
Lamprotornis chalcurus  BRONZE-TAILED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Savanna.  Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, s Sudan, n Zaire, Uganda and ne Kenya.
Lamprotornis chalybaeus  GREATER BLUE-EARED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Savanna.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, n Somalia, n,e Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, sw Angola, ne Namibia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, n,e Botswana and s Mozambique to ne S. Africa in n,e Transvaal.

Lamprotornis chloropterus  LESSER BLUE-EARED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Savanna.

L. c. elisabeth has been treated as a separate species (e.g., Sibley and Monroe 1990:547), but the East African List Committee considers them conspecific  (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).  
Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) state that they cannot accept treating elisabeth as a separate species because "... the characteristic call-notes of populations in southern Africa (are) identical to those produced by birds of the nominate race in Senegal."  This seems like a doubtful basis for lumping two allopatric populations, but they approach closely in Uganda.  Do they intergrade?
 L. c. chloropterus.  Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, ne Zaire and n Uganda.
 L. c. elisabeth  SOUTHERN BLUE-EARED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Brachystegia and savanna woodland.  From s Uganda, Burundi, n,e Kenya, se,sw Tanzania and se Zaire s through Malawi, Zambia, n Botswana to extreme ne Namibia (Caprivi), Zimbabwe and s Mozambique.

Lamprotornis acuticaudus  SHARP-TAILED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Brachystegia and savanna woodland.  C,s Angola, n Namibia e to se Zaire, Zambia and sw Tanzania.
Lamprotornis splendidus  SPLENDID GLOSSY-STARLING.  Forest.  Senegambia, s Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Fernando Po and Príncipe islands, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, C. Afr. Rep., s Sudan, n,ne Zaire, sw Ethiopia, s to n Angola, n Zambia, se,ce Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, w Tanzania, Uganda and nw Kenya.
Lamprotornis ornatus  PRINCIPE GLOSSY-STARLING.  Forest.  Príncipe I. in the Gulf of Guinea.
Lamprotornis australis  BURCHELL'S GLOSSY-STARLING.  Acacia thorn scrub.  Se Angola, sw Zambia and e Namibia e through Botswana to s Mozambique and n S. Africa in cn Cape Prov. and Transvaal.

Lamprotornis mevesii  MEVES'S GLOSSY-STARLING.  Mopane woodland, riparian woodland.  Sw,c,cs  Angola, e,s Zambia and s Malawi s through Zimbabwe and n,e Botswana to n Namibia, sw Mozambique and ne S. Africa in ne Transvaal.
Lamprotornis caudatus  LONG-TAILED GLOSSY-STARLING.  Savanna woodland.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Niger, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan e to the Nile River.
Lamprotornis purpuropterus  RUEPPELL'S GLOSSY-STARLING.  Savanna in the north; woodland south.  Ne,ce Zaire, ec,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and s Somalia s through Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi to sw,ne Tanzania.

Lamprotornis superbus  SUPERB STARLING.  Acacia savanna, grassland.  From se Sudan, c Ethiopia and Somalia s to Uganda, Kenya and sc Tanzania.
Lamprotornis pulcher  CHESTNUT-BELLIED STARLING.  Arid savanna.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, s Niger, Nigeria, n Cameroon, s Chad, c Sudan, n Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Lamprotornis shelleyi  SHELLEY'S STARLING.  Acacia savanna.  From Somalia, s Ethiopia and se Sudan s to se Kenya.
Lamprotornis hildebrandti  HILDEBRANDT'S STARLING.  Acacia savanna.  E Kenya and e Tanzania.
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Cinnyricinclus:  Starlings.  Forests and woods in Africa and sw Arabia.
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Cinnyricinclus sharpii  SHARPE'S STARLING.  Forest.  Mts. from s Sudan and s Ethiopia se through w Uganda, e Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi and Kenya to ne,sw,s Tanzania, except the Mt. Kilimanjaro area.
Cinnyricinclus femoralis  ABBOTT'S STARLING.  Mt. forests.  Mts. of e Africa from Mt. Kenya and the Aberdares 
s to Mt. Meru and Mt. Kilimanjaro in ne Tanzania.
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster  VIOLET-BACKED STARLING.  Woodland.  Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon e in Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea to Somalia and sw Arabia in s Saudi Arabia and Yemen, s (exc. forests and deserts) in all African countries to c Namibia, n,e Botswana, Mozambique and e S. Africa in Transvaal, Swaziland, ne Orange Free State, Natal and e Cape Province.

Speculipaster bicolor  MAGPIE STARLING.  Forest. Ne Africa in Sudan, Somalia, s Ethiopia, ne Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania.

Neocichla gutturalis  BABBLING STARLING.  Brachystegia woodland.  Locally in c Africa in interior sw Angola, c Tanzania, n,e Zambia and n Malawi.

Spreo fischeri  FISCHER'S STARLING.  Acacia savanna.  From se Somalia and se Ethiopia s to e Kenya and ne Tanzania.
Spreo bicolor  AFRICAN PIED STARLING.  Open grassland with sparse or no trees.  S. Africa from c Transvaal s through Orange Free State and Lesotho to w Natal and s Cape Province; breeds in extreme se Namibia and a vagrant elsewhere in Namibia.
Spreo albicapillus  WHITE-CROWNED STARLING.  Open plains, thorn acacia country.  Lowlands to 1400 m in e,s Ethiopia, Djibouti, n Somalia and n Kenya.

Cosmopsarus regius  GOLDEN-BREASTED STARLING.  Arid acacia savanna.  From Somalia and se Ethiopia s to e Kenya and ne Tanzania.
Cosmopsarus unicolor  ASHY STARLING.  Acacia savanna.  Endemic to n,c,se Tanzania.  Records from Malawi considered erroneous (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).

Saroglossa aurata  MADAGASCAR STARLING.  Forest, woods, edge.  Up to 1500 m in Madagascar.
Saroglossa spiloptera  SPOT-WINGED STARLING.  Open country, edge, farms.  Himalayan foothills of nc India from Himachal Pradesh e to Garwhal and Kumaon.
Creatophora cinerea  WATTLED STARLING.  21 cm.  Arid grassland, savanna, woodland; flocking in open country.  E,s,sw Africa from Gabon, Angola, sc,cs,se,ce,ne Zaire, s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Yemen, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia s to s S. Africa.
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* Necropsar rodericanus  RODRIGUEZ STARLING.  Extinct.  Known from type specimen, supposedly from a small islet off Rodrigues I. in the Mascarene Islands.
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* Fregilupus varius  REUNION STARLING.  Extinct.  Réunion I. in the Mascarene Is.  Last record in 1854.  Affinities uncertain, may not have been a starling.
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Sturnus senex  WHITE-FACED STARLING.  Forest edge, woods, farms.  Lowlands to 1075 m of sw Sri Lanka.
Sturnus malabaricus  CHESTNUT-TAILED STARLING.  Forest edge, scrub, farms.  Up to 2000 m in India, Burma, sw China, nw Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam (exc. Tonkin).
Sturnus erythropygius  WHITE-HEADED STARLING.  Grassland, farms, second growth.  Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Sturnus pagodarum  BRAHMINY STARLING.  Forest, scrub, farms.  Lowlands and Himalayan foothills to 2400 m in e Afghanistan, Pakistan e of the Indus River, and India e to Nepal and Bangladesh; Sri Lanka.

Sturnus sericeus  RED-BILLED STARLING.  Scrub, farms.  C,s China from Szechwan, s Shensi, s Anhwhei and the Yangtze River s to Yunnan, Kwangsi, Kwantung and Hainan Island.
Sturnus sturninus  PURPLE-BACKED STARLING.  Open woods, plains.  Se Siberia, n Mongolia, n China, Inner Mongolia and n Korea.
Sturnus philippensis  CHESTNUT-CHEEKED STARLING.  Open country, farms.  Extreme se Siberia on s Sakhalin, Kuril Is., and n Japan on Hokkaido and n Honshu.
Sturnus sinensis  WHITE-SHOULDERED STARLING.  Open country, scrub, towns.  S China from s Szechwan e to Fukien and Kwantung.  Winters and possibly breeds in Hainan, Taiwan, n Indochina and n Philippines.

Sturnus roseus  ROSY STARLING.  Open plains, rocky areas.  From c,s Russia n to Ukraine and middle Volga River, s Russia, sw Siberia (Altai) s to c,e Turkey, nw,n Iran and n Afghanistan.  Nomadic and breeds sporadically where locust swarms occur w to Yugoslavia.
Sturnus vulgaris  COMMON STARLING.  Farms, open country, woods, towns.  From Iceland, British Isles and Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia to sw Siberia (Lake Baikal), s to n Mediterranean region to ne Spain, s France, Italy and the Balkans, but absent from coastal Yugoslavia and Greece; Turkey, Near East, n Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, c Pakistan, nw India in Kashmir and w China in nw Sinkiang.

Introduced in S. Africa, Polynesia, Australia, New Zealand, N. America where now occurring from ec,se Alaska, s Yukon, n British Columbia and s Mackenzie e across c Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland, s to n Baja California, s Arizona, s New Mexico, s Texas, Gulf coast, s Florida incl. Florida Keys, Bermuda, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.  Vagrant elsewhere.
 During the last 40 years the Common Starling and the Spotless Starling have increased their breeding ranges in Spain and the Spotless Starling has started to expand in southeastern France.  They have become sympatric in some areas in northern Spain and a few cases of hybridization have been noted.  Electrophoretic comparisons of 10 isozymes revealed six polymorphic loci (De La Cruz-Cardiel, et al. 1994. J. für Orn. 135: Sonderheft p. 29).

Sturnus unicolor  SPOTLESS STARLING.  Open country, towns, farms.  Sw Europe in se France, Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia and Malta; nw Africa from Morocco e to Tunisia.
Sturnus cineraceus  WHITE-CHEEKED STARLING.  Open country, farms.  E Mongolia, n China, se Siberia, Kuril Is. and Japan from Hokkaido s to Kyushu.
Sturnus contra  ASIAN PIED STARLING.  Open areas, farms.  Up to 800 m in s Pakistan, c,e India, s Nepal, sw China, Burma, Thailand (exc. peninsular), nw Laos, Sumatra, Java and Bali.
Sturnus nigricollis  BLACK-COLLARED STARLING.  Open country, scrub, farms.  Up to 1500 m in s China in w,s Yunnan, Kweichow, Kwangsi, Hunan, Kwantung and Fukien, and se Asia.

Sturnus burmannicus  VINOUS-BREASTED STARLING.  Open country, scrub.  Up to 1500 m in Burma, Thailand (exc. nw), Cambodia, Laos and s Vietnam in s Annam and Cochinchina.
Sturnus melanopterus  BLACK-WINGED STARLING.  Open country, around human habitation.  Java, Bali and Lombok.
Leucopsar rothschildi  BALI MYNA.  Open country.  Island of Bali, Indonesia, now confined to Bali Barat National Park in n Bali.  Ca. 30 wild individuals survived in 1992.  White with black wing and tail tips; bare blue skin around the eye; a long crest.

Acridotheres tristis  COMMON MYNA.  Open country, farms, cities.  Up to 1500 m from se Iran, Afghanistan, s Turkestan e through Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka to s China and se Asia, exc. s Vietnam.   Introduced on many tropical islands, Arabia, S. Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoro Is., Mascarene Is., Australia, New Zealand and in the Hawaiian Islands on Midway I. and from Kauai eastward.
Acridotheres ginginianus  BANK MYNA.  Open country, farms, towns.  Locally in lowlands to 1200 m in e Pakistan and n,c India from Himalayan foothills s to w Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and n Orissa e to Nepal and Bangladesh.
Acridotheres fuscus  JUNGLE MYNA.  Forest edge, clearings, farms.  Locally in lowlands to 2100 m in n Pakistan, India, Burma exc. ne, wc,peninsular Thailand and Malaya.  Intro. in Fiji on Viti Levu, in Samoa on Upolu, and has spread through these islands and to Niaufoou in Tonga.

Acridotheres grandis  WHITE-VENTED MYNA.  Open country, farms.  Up to 1500 m in e India, s China, Burma (exc. c), Thailand (exc. peninsular) and Indochina.
Acridotheres cinereus  PALE-BELLIED MYNA.  Open country, grassland, steppe, farms.  Lowlands to 1000 m in Java, Bali and s Sulawesi.  Intro. Singapore, Sumatra, Christmas I. in the Indian Ocean.
Acridotheres albocinctus  COLLARED MYNA.  Open country, farms.  Lowlands to 1500 m in Manipur, ne India, Burma (exc. s) and sw China in nw Yunnan.
Acridotheres cristatellus  CRESTED MYNA.  Open country, farms.  Lowlands in c,s China, Hainan I., e Burma, ec Laos, Vietnam and Taiwan.  Intro. Malaya, Luzon and Negros in the Philippines; and Vancouver Island in sw British Columbia.

Ampeliceps coronatus  GOLDEN-CRESTED MYNA.  Sometimes placed in Mino.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1000 m in ne India, c,s Burma, n Malaya, Thailand (exc. s), Laos, Cambodia, c,s Vietnam; possibly s China.

Mino anais  GOLDEN MYNA.  Forest.  Up to 350 m of Salawati I. and adjoining coast of w New Guinea (Vogelkop) w to Onin peninsula, Geelvink Bay and Yapen I. off n New Guinea.
Mino dumontii  YELLOW-FACED MYNA.  Forest.  Up to 1500 m in the Aru Is., Salawati I., Batanta I., Misool I. (off w New Guinea), New Guinea, Yapen I., Bismarck Archipelago Is. of Rooke, New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover; Solomon Is. (except San Cristobal).
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Basilornis:  Mynas.  B. miranda is glossy blue-black with a frontal crest, yellow bill, legs; white wing patch, rump, and tail tip.  No information on the other species.  Occur in forest, woods.
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Basilornis celebensis  SULAWESI MYNA.  Forest, woods.  Hills, 300-1200 m of Sulawesi, including Lembeh, Muna and Butung is.
Basilornis galeatus  HELMETED MYNA.  Forest.  Banggai and Sula islands off e Sulawesi.
Basilornis corythaix  LONG-CRESTED MYNA.  Forest.  Seram I. in the s Moluccas.
Basilornis miranda  APO MYNA.  Forest, edge.  Mts. above 1250 m on Mindanao I. (s Philippines).
 Streptocitta:  Mynas.
Streptocitta albicollis  WHITE-NECKED MYNA.  Forest, woods.  Up to 1000 m in Sulawesi, including the islands of Butung, Muna and Togian.

Streptocitta albertinae  BARE-EYED MYNA.  Forest.  Sula Island off eastern Sulawesi.
Sarcops calvus  COLETO.  Forest and woods.  Up to 1500 m of the Philippines and Sulu Archipelago; absent from Palawan.  Dark black and gray with white shoulders, yellow and red face wattles.

Gracula ptilogenys  CEYLON MYNA.  Moist forest.  Up to 2100 m of Sri Lanka.
Gracula religiosa  HILL MYNA.  Humid forest, woods, second growth.  Up to 2000 m from sw,n,ne,sw India, Sri Lanka and s China through se Asia; Andaman and Nicobar is., Sumatra and adj. islands, Java, Bali, Sumbawa, Flores, Pantar, Alor in the Lesser Sundas; sw Philippines (Calamian Is., Palawan, Balabac).  Intro. Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) and Puerto Rico.  G. r. indica of sw peninsular India and Sri Lanka may be a separate species.
Enodes erythrophris  FIERY-BROWED MYNA.  Forest.  Mts. of Sulawesi.
Scissirostrum dubium  FINCH-BILLED MYNA.  Forest, woods.  Up to 700 m of Sulawesi, including Bangka, Lembeh, Butung, and Togian and Banggai islands.

Buphagus africanus  YELLOW-BILLED OXPECKER.  Savanna.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, s Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, s Sudan, w,n Ethiopia, Eritrea, s (exc. forests) in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi to s Angola, ne Namibia, n Botswana, w,s Zimbabwe, sw Mozambique and ne S. Africa.

Buphagus erythrorhynchus  RED-BILLED OXPECKER.  Savanna.  Se Angola, Zambia, se,ce,ne Zaire, se Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi,  s to ne Namibia, n,e Botswana, Zimbabwe, s Mozambique and ne S. Africa in Transvaal; formerly in Natal where now reintroduced.

Tribe MIMINI
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Dumetella carolinensis  GREY CATBIRD.  23 cm. Woods, thickets, gardens.  E, nw, N. America from s British Columbia (exc. Vancouver I.) and c Alberta e across s Canada to Nova Scotia, s to n,sc Washington, sc,e Oregon, nc Utah, c,ne Arizona, c New Mexico, nc,e Texas, c portions of Gulf states, and n Florida; Bermuda.

Melanoptila glabrirostris  BLACK CATBIRD. Scrub, thickets, dense brush, edge.  Lowlands and coastal islands in the Yucatán Peninsula incl. Cozumel, Holbox and Mujeres islands, n Guatemala in Petén, Belize and n Honduras in Omoa.

Melanotis:  Blue Mockingbirds.  25 cm.  M. caerulescens dull blue-gray with black face; hypoleucus dull blue-gray above, white below, black face.  Food: insects, fruit.
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Melanotis caerulescens  BLUE MOCKINGBIRD.  Woods, humid forest, riparian thickets, scrub, pine-oak, second growth.  Lowlands to 2450 m from s Sonora, sw Chihuahua, w Durango, Sinaloa, Nayarit incl. Tres Marías Is., Jalisco, Guanajuato, e San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s to c Oaxaca and c Veracruz w of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
Melanotis hypoleucus  BLUE-AND-WHITE MOCKINGBIRD.  Brush, undergrowth, humid second growth.  Mts., 600-2750 m in Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador and w Honduras e to the Tegucigalpa region.  Sometimes treated as a race of M. caerulescens.

Mimus polyglottos  NORTHERN MOCKINGBIRD.  Open scrub, forest edge, brush, farms, towns.  Lowlands from n California, e Oregon, c Washington, s Idaho, n Utah, se Wyoming, from s Alberta e across s Canada to Nova Scotia, s to s Baja Calif., incl. many adj. islands; through Mexico incl. Tres Marías Is. and Socorro I. to Oaxaca and Veracruz; and s to se Texas, Gulf coast, s Florida incl. Florida Keys, Bahama Is., and Greater Antilles e to Virgin I., recently Little Cayman in the Cayman Is.  Intro. Hawaiian Is. and Bermuda.
Mimus gilvus  TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD.  Open areas, thorn scrub, towns.  Lowlands on Gulf-Caribbean slope of s Veracruz, e Oaxaca, Tabasco, e Chiapas, Yucatán Peninsula incl. Mujeres, Holbox and Mujeres is., Guatemala in Petén, arid int. valleys and nw Pacific slope; Belize and Honduras incl. arid interior and Pacific lowlands; s Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe, Désirade and Antigua s; lowlands to 2600 m in Colombia, Guianas and extreme n Brazil; Isla San Andrés in w Caribbean; coastal e Brazil.  Sometimes treated as a race of M. polyglottos, but apparently sympatric in Mexico, perhaps elsewhere.

Mimus gundlachii  BAHAMA MOCKINGBIRD.  Semi-arid scrub, open areas.  Bahamas; small islets off n Cuba; arid coastal lowlands of s Jamaica.  Has nested with M. polyglottos on Key West, Florida.
Mimus saturninus  CHALK-BROWED MOCKINGBIRD.  Savanna, brush, scrub.  Lowlands and mts. to 2500 m in s Surinam, Amazonian,e,s Brazil, n,e,se Bolivia, Uruguay and n Argentina s to Mendoza and Río Negro, but absent from Misiones.
Mimus patagonicus  PATAGONIAN MOCKINGBIRD.  Bushy slopes, open areas.  Lowlands to 500 m in c,s Argentina and s Chile.
Mimus dorsalis  BROWN-BACKED MOCKINGBIRD.  Arid scrub, bushy hillsides.  Mts. in the puna zone, 2300-3500 m in Bolivia, nw Argentina and, possibly, extreme n Chile.

Mimus triurus  WHITE-BANDED MOCKINGBIRD.  Bushes in open country.  Lowlands to 1950 m in n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and n,c Argentina; locally in Chile in Santiago, Cautín, Valdivia.
Mimus longicaudatus  LONG-TAILED MOCKINGBIRD.  Arid scrub and woods, cactus desert, farms.  Lowlands to 2450 m from cw Ecuador s to sw and n Peru.
Mimus thenca  CHILEAN MOCKINGBIRD.  Bush-covered slopes.  Lowlands to 700 m of c Chile from Atacama s to Valdivia.

Nesomimus parvulus  GALAPAGOS MOCKINGBIRD.  Open country.  N Galapagos islands of Pinta, Marchena, James and Jervis; c,s Galapagos from Fernandina and Isabela e to Seymour, Baltra and Santa Cruz, incl. small islands between.
Nesomimus trifasciatus  CHARLES MOCKINGBIRD.  Open country.  Champion and Gardner islands in the cs Galapagos; formerly on Floreana, now extirpated.
Nesomimus macdonaldi  HOOD MOCKINGBIRD.  Open country.  Hood I. and small adj. islands in the se Galapagos.
Nesomimus melanotis  SAN CRISTOBAL MOCKINGBIRD.  Open country.  San Cristóbal I. in the ce Galapagos.

Mimodes graysoni  SOCORRO MOCKINGBIRD.  Scrub, woods, thickets.  Socorro I. in the Revillagigedo Is.  Brownish above, paler below, unspotted.
Oreoscoptes montanus  SAGE THRASHER. Sagebrush, arid plains, thickets.  From s British Columbia, c Idaho, sc Montana, sw Saskatchewan, n,se Wyoming and Colorado, s through e Washington and e Oregon to ec California, s Nevada, s Utah, ne Arizona, wc,n New Mexico, n Texas, w Oklahoma and sw Kansas.

Toxostoma rufum  BROWN THRASHER.  Thickets and undergrowth in forest, woods, towns.  From se Alberta and c Saskatchewan e to New Brunswick and sw Maine, s to ec Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida incl. Florida Keys, and w to w Montana, e Wyoming, e Colorado, ne New Mexico and w Kansas.
Toxostoma longirostre  LONG-BILLED THRASHER.  Undergrowth, thickets, mesquite, scrub.  Lowlands from e Coahuila, n Nuevo León and s Texas s to e San Luis Potosí, n Querétaro, ne Hidalgo, ne Puebla and c Veracruz.
Toxostoma guttatum  COZUMEL THRASHER.  Thickets, scrub, forest edge.  Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo, se Mexico.
Toxostoma bendirei  BENDIRE'S THRASHER.  Desert, thorn scrub, cactus, brush, juniper woods.  Deserts of sw U.S. and nw Mexico from se Calif., s Nevada, s Utah and w,c New Mexico s to s Sonora; se Colorado.

Toxostoma cinereum  GREY THRASHER.  Desert scrub, mesquite.  Baja California from Cape San Lucas n to lat. 31°N on the west coast and to 28°N on the east coast.  Possibly conspecific with bendirei.
Toxostoma curvirostre  CURVE-BILLED THRASHER.  Arid brush, thorn scrub, desert, thickets, open woods.  From c,se Arizona, c,ne New Mexico, se Colorado, w Oklahoma, extreme sw Kansas and w,c Texas s to Nayarit, through the Mexican Plateau to c Oaxaca and Veracruz, and to c Tamaulipas.
Toxostoma ocellatum  OCELLATED THRASHER.  Oak scrub, pine-oak woodland.  Mts., 1500-2450 m from Guanajuato and Hidalgo s through México, Puebla and wc Veracruz to c Oaxaca.

Toxostoma lecontei  LE CONTE'S THRASHER.  Desert scrub, creosote bush, sagebrush, open cactus desert.  From se Calif., including a disjunct and much reduced population in the s San Joaquin Valley, s Nevada, sw Utah and w,sc Arizona s to wc,ne Baja Calif. and nw Sonora.
Toxostoma redivivum  CALIFORNIA THRASHER.  Chaparral, riparian woods, semi-arid woods, thickets, brushy areas, towns.  Lowlands and foothills from n Calif. e to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in interior valleys, s in Coast Ranges to sw Calif. and nw Baja California.
Toxostoma crissale  CRISSAL THRASHER.  Desert scrub, mesquite, dense thickets, chaparral.  From se Calif., s Nevada, sw Utah, nw,c Arizona, c New Mexico and w Texas s to ne Baja Califl, c Sonora, c Chihuahua, and locally s in the Mexican Plateau to Coahuila, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo.

The name T. dorsale, formerly used for this species, was erroneously used in the original description and is invalid.

Cinclocerthia ruficauda  BROWN TREMBLER.  Humid forest, second growth, open woods.  Lesser Antilles from Saba s to Dominica; St. Vincent.  Possibly extirpated on St. Eustatius.
Cinclocerthia gutturalis  GREY TREMBLER.  Humid forest, second growth, open woods.  Central Lesser Antilles on Martinique and St. Lucia.
Ramphocinclus brachyurus  WHITE-BREASTED THRASHER.  Lives on the ground in semi-arid woodland.  Central Lesser Antilles on Martinique and St. Lucia.

Margarops fuscus  SCALY-BREASTED THRASHER.  Forest, woods, around human habitation.  Lesser Antilles from St. Martin, Saba, St. Eustatius and Barbuda s to Grenada and Barbados.  Probably extirpated on Barbuda and Grenada.
Margarops fuscatus  PEARLY-EYED THRASHER.  Forest, scrubby woods.  W. Indies in s Bahama Is., n to Eleuthera; Hispaniola in the e Dominican Republic and Beata I., Puerto Rico (incl. Mona, Desecheo, Vieques, Culebra and Culebrita islands), Virgin Is., Lesser Antilles s to St. Lucia and islands off n Venezuela from Bonaire e to Los Hermanos.
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