Order COLUMBIFORMES:
Family COLUMBIDAE:  Pigeons and doves occur on all continents and many islands.
The extinct Raphidae occurred on the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean: the Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) on Mauritius and the Solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria) on Rodriguez.
Another species may have inhabited Réunion.

*Family RAPHIDAE:  Dodos and Solitaires  Extinct.
*Raphus cucullatus   DODO.  Mauritius.  Forest floor.  Extinct by 1700; formerly on in the w Mascarene I. of Mauritius.
*Raphus solitarius   REUNION SOLITAIRE.  Observed by explorers between 1613 and 1708, probably extinctby 1710-15.  Formerly on the Mascarene I. of Réunion.
*
Known only from historical reports.  Mourer-Chauviré, et al. (1995. Nature 373:568) recently found abundant remains of an extinct ibis (Borbonibis latipes) that was closely related to Threskiornis, but with a shorter, less curved bill.  An old account reported that the bill of the Reunion Solitaire was "like that of a Woodcock, but larger" -- leading to the suggestion that the Reunion Solitaire might have been an ibis, although it was thought to have been flightless -- and the fossil ibis bones do not indicate flightlessness.  However, the authors propose to designate the fossil as Threskiornis solitarius, with Borbonicus latipes as a junior synonym.
Thus, the Reunion Solitaire may now be called the Reunion Ibis and transferred to the Threskiornithidae.
*
*Pezophaps solitaria  RODRIGUEZ SOLITAIRE.  Forest floor.  Extinct; believed to have survived until as late as 1761; formerly on Rodrigues I. in the e Mascarene Is.

Family COLUMBIDAE:  Pigeons and Doves.

Columba livia   ROCK PIGEON or ROCK DOVE.  Cliffs, caves, ledges, eaves.  Cosmopolitan commensal of man.  Original distribution uncertain but considered to be a native of Eurasia in Faroes, Ireland, Scotland (and adjacent is.), Canary Is., and from s Europe and Mediterranean region e through Balkans, Turkey and c Russia to sw Siberia (Altai), w China (w Sinkiang) and s Tibet, and s to n Africa in the Cape Verde Is., Mauritania, Senegambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Niger, Ghana, Togo, Chad and Sudan; introduced in Djibouti.  Mediterranean region, Egypt, Arabia, Near and Middle East, Pakistan, India s of Himalayas, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, and Laccadive Is.

This species is the source of the numerous "breeds" of domestic pigeons -- tumblers, ruffs, homing pigeons, kings, etc.

Columba rupestris   HILL PIGEON.  Cliffs, caves, ledges, eaves.  Mts. generally above 1500 m of ec,s Asia from e Kazakhstan, Turkestan and s Siberia (from Altai, L. Baikal region and Transbaicalia e to Amurland and Ussuriland) s to n India (from Kashmir e to Sikkim, not recorded Nepal), s Tibet, n China (from Sinkiang e to Heilungkiang, and s to Szechwan, nw Yunnan and Shantung) and Korea.
Columba leuconota   SNOW PIGEON.  Caves, cliff crevices, rocky slopes, snow fields.  Mts., 2500-5000 m, of s Asia from Turkestan and ne Afghanistan e through Himalayas of s Tibet and n India (from Kashmir e to n Arunachal Pradesh) to c China (Tsinghai, s Kansu, w,n Szechwan) and extreme n Burma.  Winters down to 1500 m.
Columba guinea   SPECKLED PIGEON.  Open country, farms, open woodland.  Africa in two disjunct populations: 1. W,nc,e Africa in s Mauritania, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, s Chad, n C.African Rep. and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, ne,ce,se Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, s Tanzania and n Zambia.  2. S,se Africa from sw Angola, Namibia, s,e Botswana, Zimbabwe and sw Mozambique s to S. Africa.

Columba albitorques   WHITE-COLLARED PIGEON.  Cliffs, rocks, buildings.  Highlands, 1800-4100 m, of w,c Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Columba oenas   STOCK PIGEON or STOCK DOVE.  Farmlands, towns, open woodland.  Palearctic from British Isles and s Scandinavia e across c Russia to sw Siberia (upper Ob R.), and s to n Mediterranean region (incl. Balearic Is., Sardinia and Sicily), Morocco, Turkey, n Iran, Transcaucasus, Turkestan, n Kirghiz steppes, n Afghanistan (perhaps only a vagrant) and extreme w China (sw Sinkiang).  Winters from British Isles and w,s Europe s to Mediterranean region (incl. nw Africa and ne Africa on Sinai Pen.), n Arabia and s Iran.
Columba oliviae   SOMALI PIGEON.  Rocky ravines, caves.  Coastal hills of n Somalia.

Columba eversmanni   PALE-BACKED PIGEON.  Farms, barrens.  Sc Asia in ne Iran, Transcaspia; from Aral Sea and s L. Balkhash s through Turkestan to w Tadzhikistan and extreme w China (w Sinkiang).  Winters s to s Afghanistan, Pakistan and nw India.

Columba palumbus   COMMON WOOD-PIGEON.  Woodland, suburbs, towns.  Palearctic from British Isles and c Scandinavia e to c Russia and wc Siberia (w of Ob R. drainage), and s to e Atlantic is. (Azores, Madeira Is.), n Mediterranean region (incl. most is.), nw Africa (from Morocco to Tunisia), Turkey and Transcaucasus, and from Near and Middle East and ne Arabia e to extreme n Pakistan, extreme nw India (Kashmir) and extreme w China (w Sinkiang).  Winters from British Isles and cont. Europe s to nw Africa, and e through se breeding range to s Afghanistan, n India and Nepal.
*
Wood-Pigeons in northern Italy (and possibly elsewhere) often nest near the nest of a Hobby (Falco subbuteo); the Hobby attacks and drives away all medium to large birds near its nest, including Hooded Crows which take the eggs and chicks of other birds, including Wood-Pigeons.
Although the Hobby may prey on Wood-Pigeons, the association results in a net benefit to the pigeons (Bogliani, Masi et al. 1994. XXI Intl. Orn. Congr.).**
*
Columba trocaz   TROCAZ PIGEON.  Laurel forest.  Madeira Is.
Columba bollii   BOLLE'S PIGEON.  Laurel forest.  Highlands of w,c Canary Is. on Tenerife, Las Palmas and Gomera.  May be conspecific with C. trocaz.
Columba junoniae   LAUREL PIGEON.  Brushy slopes, mixed pine-laurel, laurel forest.  Canary Is. on La Palma, Gomera and Tenerife; much reduced in numbers on La Palma, and possibly extirpated on Gomera.
Columba unicincta   AFEP PIGEON.  Humid forest.  W,c Africa in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, sw C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, extreme se Sudan, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, nw Zambia, n Angola and cs,ce Zaire.

Columba sjostedti   CAMEROON OLIVE-PIGEON.  Forest.  Highlands above 1800 m of wc Africa in extreme se Nigeria and sw Cameroon (incl. Fernando Po).
Columba thomensis   SAO TOME OLIVE-PIGEON.  Forest.  São Tomé (formerly I. de Rolas).
Columba arquatrix   AFRICAN OLIVE-PIGEON.  Forest.  Nigeria, Gulf of Guinea Is., Cameroon, se Sudan, Ethiopia, nw Somalia, ne,ce,se Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, ne Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, e Zimbabwe, w Angola and S. Africa in Transvaal, Natal, s Cape Prov.
Columba pollenii   COMORO OLIVE-PIGEON.  Evergreen forest.  Comoro Islands.
Columba hodgsonii  SPECKLED Wood-Pigeon.  Forest.  Mts., 1000-4000 m, of s Asia in n,e India (Himalayas from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland), Tibet, c,sw China (from e Tsinghai, se Kansu and s Shensi s to Szechwan and sw,se Yunnan) and w,ne,c,e Burma.

Columba albinucha   WHITE-NAPED PIGEON.  Forest.  Wc,e Africa in sw Cameroon; ne,ce Zaire, w Sudan and w Uganda.
Columba pulchricollis   ASHY WOOD-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts., usually 1200-3000 m, of s Asia in ne,e India (from wc Nepal e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Manipur and Nagaland), s Tibet, sw China (Yunnan), w,ne,e Burma, nw Thailand and Taiwan.  Winters (and may breed) to lower elevations.
Columba elphinstonii NILGIRI WOOD-PIGEON.  Forest.  Sw India (W. Ghats froms Maharashtra s to Kerala and w Tamil Nadu.
Columba torringtoni   CEYLON WOOD-PIGEON.  Forest  Hills above 1000 m of Sri Lanka.

Columba punicea  PALE-CAPPED PIGEON.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands and foothills of s Asia in e India (w to Bihar, e Madhya Pradesh and n Andhra Pradesh), s Tibet, Burma (except ne), Thailand, s Laos, c,s Vietnam (Annam, Cochinchina) and Hainan.
Columba argentina  SILVERY WOOD-PIGEON.  Woodland, mangroves, coconut groves.  Lowlands and hills of w Indonesia in Sumatra (incl. Simeulue, Mentawai Is., and Riau and Lingga arch.) and is. off w,n Borneo (Anambas, N. Natuna, Karimata).
Columba palumboides  ANDAMAN WOOD-PIGEON.  Forest.  Andaman and Nicobar is.
Columba janthina   JAPANESE WOOD-PIGEON.  Dense evergreen forest.  Is. in w Pacific Ocean (Ryukyu, Bonin, Volcano).

Columba vitiensis   METALLIC PIGEON.  Forest.  Lowlands, locally to 2750 m, of Malay Arch., New Guinea region and sw Oceania from Lesser Sunda Is. (w to Lombok), islands of e Borneo, Banggai and Sula is. (off e Sulawesi) and Philippines e through Moluccas, Kai Is., New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is., Vanuatu, New Caledonia (incl. I. of Pines), Loyalty Is., Fiji and Samoa.
Columba leucomela   WHITE-HEADED PIGEON.  Forest.  Coasts and forested is. of e Australia in Queensland (n to Cooktown) and New S. Wales (s to Narooma).
*Columba versicolor   BONIN WOOD-PIGEON.  Presumably forest.  Extinct, last reported in 1889.  Formerly in the Bonin Is. on the Parry Is. and on Nakonda Shima and Peel islands.

Columba jouyi   RYUKYU PIGEON.  Presumably forest.  C Ryukyu and Daito islands.  Probably extirpated on Okinawa, perhaps elsewhere.  Last reported in 1936.
Columba pallidiceps  YELLOW-LEGGED PIGEON.  Forest.  Bismarck Arch. (New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York Is.) and Solomon Is.
Columba leucocephala  WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON.  Woodland.  Coasts and is. of W. Indies in s Florida (Florida Keys), Bahamas, Antilles (s to Barbuda and Antigua), Cayman Is. and is. of w Caribbean Sea (Cozumel I. off Quintana Roo, cays off Belize, Bay and Hog is. off Honduras, Providencia and Corn is. off Nicaragua, and is. off northwestern Panama in Bocas del Toro and Veraguas).

Columba speciosa  SCALED PIGEON.  Forest edge, open woodland.  Lowlands and foothills of Neotropics on Gulf-Caribbean slope from Veracruz and Oaxaca s to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica (except dry nw) and Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz) and Brazil (s to Santa Catarina) to Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones, Santa Fe).
Columba squamosa  SCALY-NAPED PIGEON.  Forest, woodland.  W. Indies in Greater and Lesser Antilles (except Anguilla, St. Barthelemy and Desirade), and is. off n coast of Venezuela (Curaçao, Bonaire, Los Testigos, Los Frailes, and formerly Aruba).
Columba corensis  BARE-EYED PIGEON.  Thorn scrub, acacia thickets, mangroves, farms.  Arid coastal lowlands to 400 m of nw S. America in ne Colombia (w to Atlantico) and n Venezuela (e to Monagas, include. is. of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire and Margarita).

Columba picazuro   PICAZURO PIGEON.  Woodland, farmlands.  Ce S. America in n,e,se Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz, Tarija), s,e Brazil (from Piauí and Pernambuco s to Rio Grande do Sul, and w to Mato Grasso), and c Argentina (s to La Pampa and n Buenos Aires, rarely Río Negro).
Columba maculosa   SPOT-WINGED PIGEON.  Woodland, forms.  Andes and lowlands of s S. America from c Peru (n to Lima), Bolivia, Paraguay and s Brazil s to sc Argentina (to Chubut).
Columba fasciata   BAND-TAILED PIGEON.  Forest, oak woodland.  The following two groups are sometimes treated as separate species.

C. f. fasciata  W N. and Middle America from sw British Columbia (incl. Vancouver I.) s through mts. (and locally coastal lowlands) of Washington, Oregon, California and extreme w Nevada to s Baja Calif., and from s Nevada, Arizona, c Utah, nc Colorado, New Mexico and w Texas s through mts. of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to nc Nicaragua.
C. f. albilinea  Mts., 500-3600 m, of s C. and S. America in Costa Rica, w Panama (e to e Veraguas), and from Colombia (Andes; Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá), n,s Venezuela (from Zulia s to Tachirá and e to Sucre and Monagas; tepuis of Bolívar and Amazonas), Trinidad and adjacent nw Brazil (Roraima) s through Andes of Ecuador, Peru and c Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, w Santa Cruz) to nw Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, Tucumán).

Columba araucana  CHILEAN PIGEON.  Woodland, particularly associated with the tree Araucaria araucana.  S S. America in c Chile (from Atacama to Aisén) and s Argentina (Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut); brought to verge of extinction in 1954 by an outbreak of Newcastle disease.
Columba caribaea   RING-TAILED PIGEON.  Woodland.  Forested mts. and hills of Jamaica.
Columba cayennensis   PALE-VENTED PIGEON.  Savanna, riverine forest, open woodland, forest edge, mangroves.  Lowlands to 2100 m of Neotropics from Veracruz, Tabasco, Yucatán Pen. and e Chiapas s on Gulf-Caribbean slope of C. America to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and from Colombia Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, w of Andes to sw Ecuador and e of Andes to n Argentian ( from Jujuy and Tucumán e to Misiones and Corrientes, s rarely to La Rioja), Uruguay and s Brazil.

Columba flavirostris   RED-BILLED PIGEON.  Dry woodland, riparian forest, tall brush.  Lowlands to 1300 m from Middle America in c Sonora, s Chihuahua, n Nuevo León and s Texas (middle and lower R.Grande V.) s (incl. Tres Marías Is., but absent or rare on most of Caribbean slope from Guatemala s) to c Costa Rica.
Columba oenops   PERUVIAN PIGEON.  Woodland.  Andes of n Peru (from upper Marañón V. s to La Libertad).
Columba inornata   PLAIN PIGEON.  Woodland, farms.  Greater Antilles (incl. I. Tortue off Hispaniola, now rare everywhere except on Hispaniola).
Columba plumbea   PLUMBEOUS PIGEON.  Humid forest, edge, second growth.  Lowlands to 2100 m of S. America from Colombia, w,s Venezuela (w Zulia, w,c Mérida, s Amazonas, s Bolívar) and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), Amazonian, e,s Brazil (from s Goiás and s Bahia s to Rio Grande do Sul), n Paraguay and (possibly) ne Argentina (Misiones).

Columba subvinacea  RUDDY PIGEON.  Humid forest, edge, second growth.

The race berlepschi is sometimes treated as a separate species.

C. s. subvinacea  Lowlands and mts. to 2800 m of s C. and n,wc S. America in Costa Rica, w Panama (e to Veraguas), and from Colombia (except w,se) and n Venezuela (n of Orinoco e to Sucre) s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Cochabamba,
Santa Cruz) and Amazonian Brazil (to Amazonas, Rondônia, n Mato Grasso, e Pará and Maranhão).
C. s. berlepschi  Lowlands to 1200 m of s C. and nw S. America in e Panama (e Darién), w Colombia (Pacific lowlands n to R.San Juan) and w Ecuador.
C. s. purpureotincta  Ne S. America in se Colombia (Vaupés, Orinoco region), s Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro), Guyana and French Guiana.

Columba nigrirostris   SHORT-BILLED PIGEON.  Humid forest, second growth.  Lowlands to 1500 m of Middle and nw S. America from s Veracruz, n Oaxaca, e Chiapas and Quintana Roo s on Gulf-Caribbean slope of C. America to Costa Rica (incl. sw part on Pacific coast), Panama (both slopes) and nw Colombia (n Chocó).  Includes C. chiriquensis known only from the type.
Columba goodsoni   DUSKY PIGEON.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1000 m of nw S. America in w Colombia (n to middle Atrato V. and Serranía de Baudó) and w Ecuador (s to Pinchincha).
Columba iriditorques   WESTERN BRONZE-NAPED PIGEON.  Forest.  W,c Africa from Sierra Leone and Liberia e to Cameroon, s C. African Rep. n,ne Zaire, sw Uganda and Rwanda, and s to nw Angola, cs,ce Zaire and nw Zambia.

Columba malherbii   SAO TOME BRONZE-NAPED PIGEON.  Forest.  Is. in Gulf of Guinea (Príncipe, São Tomé, Annobón).
Columba delegorguei   EASTERN BRONZE-NAPED PIGEON.  Forest.  Locally (mainly in mts.) in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Gulf of Guinea Is., Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, se Sudan, e Uganda and w,s Kenya s through ne,c Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Angola to e S. Africa in Natal and extreme e Cape Prov.
Aplopelia larvata  LEMON DOVE or CINNAMON DOVE.  Forest, woodland.  Often placed in Columba.

The South African and East African List Committees place this species in the genus Aplopelia (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) agree.

 Wc Africa in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Fernando Po, São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobón is., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and sw Zaire; e Sudan, w,c Ethiopia, Eritrea s through ne,ce,se,cs Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, e Zimbabwe and Mozambique to e,s S. Africa in e Transvaal, Natal, Swaziland, s,e Cape Prov..

Nesoenas mayeri   PINK PIGEON.  Forest.  W Mascarene Is. on Mauritius, apparently restricted to sw plateau.  Often placed in Columba.
Streptopelia picturata   MADAGASCAR TURTLE-DOVE.  Has been placed in Columba.  Evergreen forest, second growth, scrub.  Lowlands to 2000 m of Madagascar region in Madagascar, Comoro, Aldabra, Amirante and Seychelles islands.  Intro. Mauritius, Réunion, Chagos Arch. on Diego Garcia I.
Streptopelia turtur  EUROPEAN TURTLE-DOVE.  Open woodland, scrub, plains, gardens.  C,sw Palearctic from British Isles and cont. Europe e across c,s Russia, n to upper Irgiz R.in Kazakhstan to nw China (from w Sinkiang e to ne Kansu and s Tsinghai), and s to Canary Is., n Africa from Morocco e to Egypt and s to c Niger and n Chad; Turkey, n,ne Arabia, n Iran and n Afghanistan.  Vagrant record in Florida probably of natural origin.  Vagrant in Alaska, possibly captive escape from British Colombia.

Streptopelia hypopyrrha  ADAMAWA TURTLE-DOVE.  Wooded slopes, ravines, riparian streams.  Locally in highlands of cw Africa, known only from c Nigeria, cw,ne Cameroon and sw Chad.
Streptopelia lugens   DUSKY TURTLE-DOVE.  Forest, towns, farmlands.  Highlands of ne,e African region from extreme se Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, nw Somalia and sw Arabia s to ce,se Zaire, e Zambia, n Malawi, s Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and Kenya.
Streptopelia orientalis   ORIENTAL TURTLE-DOVE.  Broken forest, savanna.  Lowlands and mts. to 4000 m of c,sc Asia from c Russia w to e foothills of s Ural Mts., c,s Siberia e to Sea of Okhotsk, Ussuriland and Sakhalin, Kuril Is. and Japan s to e Kazakhstan, Kirghiz steppes, Tadzhikistan, nc,e Afghanistan, n Pakistan, India (except sw), Burma, nw,ne Thailand, Indochina, s China, Hainan I., Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands.

Streptopelia senegalensis   LAUGHING DOVE.  Thorn scrub, oases, towns.  Africa, except for driest parts of Sahara; recorded in all subSaharan African countries except Equatorial Guinea and Congo; breeds in most.  Lowlands to 1600 m of sc,s Eurasia from w,s Turkey, Near and Middle East, and Arabia e to Transcaucasus, from Transcaspia to e Kazakhstan, and s to Pakistan and India (e to Bihar, W. Bengal and Bangladesh, but absent from Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan).  Intro. w Australia, probably Malta.

Streptopelia chinensis   SPOTTED DOVE.  Woodland, farmlands, towns.  Lowlands and mts. to 2400 m (ranges to 5000 m) of s Asia and Malay Arch. from e Afghanistan, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Indochina and se China (Hainan) s to Malay Pen., Sumatra (incl. Bangka, Belitung, and Riau and Lingga arch.), Borneo, Lesser Sunda Is. (e to Babar) and Philippines.  Intro. Mauritius, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Hawaiian is., s Calif.  The suratensis group of India is distinctive but apparently intergrades with the chinensis group in Burma.
Streptopelia decipiens   MOURNING COLLARED-DOVE.  Thorn scrub, trees beside waterholes.  Africa in s Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, s Somalia, Zaire (except for forested w,c), Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, s Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, n,e Botswana,Zimbabwe and ne S. Africa in ne Transvaal.  Includes S. fulvopectoralis which is known from a single immature specimen.

Streptopelia vinacea   VINACEOUS DOVE.  Dry savanna, thorn scrub, farmlands.  W,nc,ne Africa in s Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to w Ethiopia, Eritrea, ne Zaire and n,c Uganda.  Often treated as conspecific with S. capicola, but the ranges show overlap and the two species breed sympatrically in at least one locality in Ethiopia.
Streptopelia capicola   RING-NECKED DOVE.  Savanna, open country, farmlands.  E,s Africa in sw Congo Rep., Cabinda, c,s,e Zaire, se Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and to s S. Africa; Comoro Is. (probably intro.).
Streptopelia tranquebarica   RED COLLARED-DOVE.  Forest, woodland, farmlands.  Lowlands below 800 m of s Asia and Malay Arch. from Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab), India (n to Uttar Pradesh, Nepal and Assam) and c,e,s China (n to Szechwan, se Tsinghai, Kansu, ne Inner Mongolia, s Hopeh and Shantung) s through se Asia to Andaman Is., Malay Pen., Taiwan and n Philippines (Calayan, Luzon, Lubang, Mindoro).  Intro. Sulawesi (probably).

Streptopelia semitorquata   RED-EYED DOVE.  Broken forest, savanna, reedbeds, riparian forest, towns.  African region in s Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Gulf of Guinea Is., Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s,e Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, n Somalia and sw Arabia, s in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, s to n Namibia, n,e Botswana s to Mozambique and s,e S. Africa in Transvaal, Natal, Lesotho, n,s,e Cape Prov.  Recorded in all subSaharan countries except Djibouti and the Cape Verde Islands.  Breeds in most African countries and Yemen.
Streptopelia decaocto   EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVE.  Open woodland, scrub, brushy areas, desert, and around human habitation.  Lowlands and mts. below 3000 m of w,c Palearctic and s Asia from British Isles, s Scandinavia and wc Russia (e to Moscow area) s to s France, Italy, Balkans and Greece, thence e through Turkey, ne Egypt, n,e Arabia, Near and Middle East, and e Transcaspia, e Kazakhstan to China, Korea, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and w,c,ne Burma.  Introduced in Japan, n Bahama Is., c,s Florida and has spread north at least to South Carolina, probably breeds in Georgia and is expanding rapidly in the U.S.; populations from Iran westward and in Europe may be of introduced origin.

Streptopelia roseogrisea   AFRICAN COLLARED-DOVE.  Thorn scrub, acacia savannas.  Subsaharan African region in sw Mauritania, n Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, n Nigeria, n Cameroon, c,s Chad and c Sudan to se Egypt, n,c Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, n Somalia and sw Arabia.  Small but often persistent wild colonies (of "risoria") have become established in N. America in s California (Los Angeles area), c Florida (St. Petersburg region) and e Texas (Houston), and probably elsewhere in North America, but these are dependent upon man for continued existence.  Often treated as a subspecies of S. decaocto.
*
The domesticated form "S. risoria" (Linnaeus) 1758, is now known to be a derivative of
S. roseogrisea.
Because of the confusion surrounding the use of risoria (the senior name), the latter is better suppressed for any wild population in favor of other established names.
*
Streptopelia reichenowi   WHITE-WINGED COLLARED-DOVE.  Riparian Borassus palms.  River valleys of ne Africa in se Ethiopia, extreme ne Kenya (Daua R.) and s Somalia (Juba R., Seebeli R.).
Streptopelia bitorquata   ISLAND COLLARED-DOVE.  Open country, fields, around human habitation.  Malay Arch. in n Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is. (e to Solor and Timor) and Philippines (incl. Palawan and Sulu Arch.).  Introduced in the Mariana Is. from Saipan s to Guam.
Macropygia unchall   BARRED CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest, gardens.  Mts., 450-2750 m, of s Asia from n India (from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Bangladesh, Manipur and Nagaland) and sw,se China (from w Szechwan to sw Yunnan, and Fukien to Kwangtung and Hainan) s to Burma (except Tenasserim), nw,ne,se Thailand and Indochina; mts., 1000-2800 m, of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java and Lombok.

Macropygia rufipennis   ANDAMAN CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest, clearings, gardens.  Andaman, Nicobar is.
Macropygia tenuirostris   PHILIPPINE CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest  Taiwan, including Lan Ÿu Is. and Philippines incl. Palawan and Sulu Arch.  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of M. emiliana or M. phasianella
Macropygia emiliana   RUDDY CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1000 m of w Indonesia in Sumatra incl. Simeulue, Nias, Enggano, and Mentawai Is., n Borneo, Java incl. Kangean Is. and Lesser Sunda Is. e to Flores.  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of M. phasianella.

Macropygia amboinensis   SLENDER-BILLED CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest, tree-lined streams, woodland.  Wallacea and New Guinea region from Sulawesi (incl. Sangihe, Talaud, Peleng, Banggai and Sula is.) e through Moluccas, Aru Is. and New Guinea (mts. to 2300 m, incl. most is. from w Papuan is. e to D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade arch.) to Bismarck Arch. (incl. Lihir Is.).
Macropygia magna   DUSKY CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest, edge. Wallacea on is. off Sulawesi (Salayar, Tanahjampea, Kalaotoa) and Lesser Sunda Is. (Timor, Alor, Wetar, Roma, Kisar, Leti, Moa, incl. Tanimbar is.).
Macropygia phasianella   BROWN CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest.  Coasts and is. of e Australia in e Queensland n to Pascoe R.and inland to Atherton Tableland and e New S. Wales s to Sydney area.  May be conspecific with M. amboinensis.

Macropygia ruficeps   LITTLE CUCKOO-DOVE. Forest.  Mts. and hills to 1800 m of se Asia in sw China (s Yunnan), Burma (s,e, incl. Tenasserim), nw Thailand, n Laos, n Vietnam (Tonkin), Malaya, Sumatra (incl. Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai Is., and Enggano), Borneo, Java and Lesser Sunda Is. of Bali, Sumbawa, Flores, Pantar, Timor.
Macropygia nigrirostris   BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest, second growth.  Lowlands to 2600 m of New Guinea (incl. Yapen and Karkar is.), D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Goodenough and Fergusson is. and Bismarck Arch. (larger is. and Lihir is.).
Macropygia mackinlayi   MACKINLAY'S CUCKOO-DOVE.  Open forest, second growth, towns.  Lowlands to 1000 m of New Guinea region and sw Oceania on Karkar I. (off n New Guinea), Bismarck Arch. (incl. St. Matthias, Admiralty, Vuatom and Witu is.), Solomon, Santa Cruz and Banks is., and Vanuatu.

Reinwardtoena reinwardtsi   GREAT CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands and mts. to 3350 m of e Indonesia in Moluccas, w Papuan is., New Guinea (incl. is. off n coast e to Karkar and Manam) and Goodenough and Fergusson is. in the D'Entrecasteaux Arch.
Reinwardtoena browni   PIED CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest  Cs Bismarck Arch. on New Britain, Duke of York I. and the Lihir Is.
Reinwardtoena crassirostris   CRESTED CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest.  Hills of Solomon Is.
Turacoena manadensis   WHITE-FACED CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest, wooded gorges.  Sulawesi (incl. Togian, Peleng, Sula and Butung is.).

Turacoena modesta   BLACK CUCKOO-DOVE.  Forest.  Ec Lesser Sunda Is. on Timor and Wetar.
Turtur abyssinicus   BLACK-BILLED WOOD-DOVE.  Arid scrub, dry woodland, usually near water.  Subsaharan Africa in Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, L. Chad area and c,s Sudan to n Ethiopia, Eritrea and nw Uganda.  May be conspecific with T. chalcospilos.
Turtur chalcospilos   EMERALD-SPOTTED WOOD-DOVE.  Dry veldt, thorn scrub, dry open woodland, often near water.  S,e Africa in Gabon, sw Congo Rep., w,s,e Angola, cs,se,ce Zaire, se Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, n Namibia, n,e Botswana and e S. Africa (Transvaal, n Orange Free State, Natal, e,s Cape Prov.).

Turtur afer   BLUE-SPOTTED WOOD-DOVE.  Woodland, riparian scrub, clearings.  Africa from Senegambia e through s Mali, sw Niger, c Nigeria, Cameroon, sw Chad, C. African Rep. and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia and s to Angola, Zambia, e Zimbabwe and e S. Africa in extreme e Transvaal.  Recorded in all subSaharan countries except Djibouti, Somalia, Namibia and Botswana.  Breeds in most countries.
Turtur tympanistria   TAMBOURINE DOVE.  Riparian forest in n, dense bush in s African region in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Gulf of Guinea Is. on Bioko and Fernando Po, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, C. African Rep., s Sudan, sw,cs Ethiopia, s Somalia, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, s to cw,n Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and e,s S. Africa in e Transvaal, Natal, e Cape Prov.; Comoro Is.
Turtur brehmeri   BLUE-HEADED WOOD-DOVE.  Dense forest floor.  W,c Africa in se Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, s Cameroon, sw C. African Rep., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Cabinda and sw,sc,ce Zaire.

Oena capensis   NAMAQUA DOVE. Dry open country, farms, villages.  From Mauritania, s Algeria, Mali, c Niger, c Chad, se Egypt, c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Arabia s to s S. Africa; lowlands to 1500 m in Madagascar.  An intra-African migrant recorded in all subSaharan African countries except Sierra Leone, Liberia and Equatorial Guinea.
Chalcophaps indica   EMERALD DOVE.  Forest, woodland.  There may be more than one species in this widely-distributed complex.

C. i. indica  Lowlands to 1450 m of s Asia and Malay Arch. from India n to Himalayan foothills from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh, Sri Lanka, s China (se Szechwan, Yunnan, Kwangsi and Hainan), Taiwan (incl. Lan Ÿu Is.) and s Ryukyu Is., s through se Asia and Philippines to Andaman and Nicobar is., Christmas I. (in Indian O.), Greater Sunda Is., Lesser Sunda Is. (e to Alor and Sumba), Moluccas and w Papuan is. (Gebe and Kofiau).
C. i. chrysochlora  Lowlands to 1200 m in e Indonesia and Australasian region in Lesser Sunda Is. (w to Wetar and Timor), Kai and Aru is., e New Guinea (w to Sepik R.and Oriomo R., incl. Numfor, Meos Num, Biak and Manam is., D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade arch., and Trobriand and Woodlark is.), Vanuatu, Santa Cruz and Banks is., and New Caledonia to Lord Howe (intro.?) and Norfolk is., and coasts and is. of n,e Australia from ne W. Australia (Kimberleys) e to Queensland, and s to New S. Wales (to Shoalhaven R.).  Ranges to sw,se Australia.

Chalcophaps stephani   STEPHAN'S DOVE.  Forest.  Wallacea and New Guinea region in Sulawesi, Aru, Kai and w Papuan is. (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool), New Guinea (locally lowlands to 1050 m, incl. is. from Yapen to Manam), D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson and Goodenough is., Admiralty Is., Bismarck Arch. (incl. Lihir Is.) and Solomon Is.
Henicophaps albifrons   NEW GUINEA BRONZEWING.  Forest.  Lowlands to 2000 m in New Guinea region in Aru and w Papuan is. of Waigeo, Salawati, Misool, and New Guinea (incl. Yapen I.).
Henicophaps foersteri   NEW BRITAIN BRONZEWING.  Forest.  Sc Bismarck Arch. on Umboi and New Britain.
Phaps chalcoptera   COMMON BRONZEWING. Dry open woodland, scrub, open country.  Australia, Tasmania.

Phaps elegans   BRUSH BRONZEWING.  Scrub, forest undergrowth.  Lowlands in sw,e,se W. Australia (from Houtman Abrolhos Is. and Geraldton area se to Esperance Bay); e,se Australia from s Queensland (n to Fraser Is.) s to Victoria, Tasmania, and w to s S. Australia (Eyre Pen., Kangaroo I.).
Phaps histrionica   FLOCK BRONZEWING.  Arid plains.  Int. cn Australia from ne W. Australia (Kimberleys) e to nw Queensland (to Townsville).  Ranges s to c W. Australia, n S. Australia and New S. Wales.
Geophaps lophotes   CRESTED PIGEON.  Arid plains, sparse dry woodland, ranches, generally near water.  Int. Australia; coastal areas of sw W. Australia, s S. Australia, w Victoria and se New S. Wales.  Intro. Kangaroo I.

Geophaps plumifera   SPINIFEX PIGEON.  Dry rocky hills, usually associated with spinifex grass  Int.,n Australia from n W. Australia (Kimberleys) e through N. Terr. to n,c Queensland from int. Cape York Pen. s to Longreach, and s to extreme n S. Australia and extreme nw New S. Wales; cw W. Australia from Eighy Mile Beach s to Gascoyne R.and upper Murchison R.
Geophaps smithii   PARTRIDGE PIGEON.  Sparsely-wooded savanna.  Cn Australia in extreme ne W. Australia (Kimberleys), n N. Territory and (possibly) extreme nw Queensland.
Geophaps scripta   SQUATTER PIGEON.  Grassy plains, eucalyptus woodland, well-wooded savannas.  N,c Queensland n to n Cape York Pen. and s to Burdekin-Lynd Divide; ce Australia in e Queensland, and extreme cn New S. Wales near Inverel.

Petrophassa albipennis   WHITE-QUILLED ROCK-PIGEON.  Sandstone cliffs, rocks near water.  Nw Australia in nw W. Australia (s to Derby area) and nw N. Territory (lower Victoria R.).
Petrophassa rufipennis   CHESTNUT-QUILLED ROCK-PIGEON.  Rugged tree-dotted sandstone gorges.  Extreme cn Australia in Arnhem Land.
Geopelia cuneata   DIAMOND DOVE.  Savanna waterholes, open woodland, mulga scrub, gum creeks.  Northern and interior Australia.  Absent from sw W. Australia from Murchison R.s, and from coastal e Queensland s to Victoria and w to s S. Australia.

Geopelia striata   ZEBRA DOVE.  Open forest, edge, towns, farmlands, savannas.  Lowlands to se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra (incl. Bangka and Belitung), Borneo, Java and (intro.?) Java, Bali and Philippines.  Introduced in Sulawesi, Moluccas (Ambon), Philippines, Society (Tahiti), Hawaiian is., St. Helena, Madagascar, Seychelles and other is. in Indian Ocean.
Geopelia maugeus  BARRED DOVE.  Open forest, edge, towns, farmlands, savannas.  Wallacea in Lesser Sundas w to Sumbawa, Tanimbar and Kai is.  Sometimes treated as a race of G. striata.
Geopelia placida   PEACEFUL DOVE.  Towns, farmlands, savannas.  Lowlands of Australian region in coastal s New Guinea from Merauke e to Port Moresby and Australia (absent from int. W. Australia s of Murchison R., from sc N. Terr., and from S. Australia w of Murray R.and Adelaide).  Sometimes treated as a race of G. striata.

Geopelia humeralis   BAR-SHOULDERED DOVE.  Gallery forest, riparian scrub, mangroves, around human habitation.  Lowlands of Australian region in coastal s New Guinea (w to Digul R.), islands in Torres Strait, and n,e Australia in nw W. Australia (w toOnslow), n N. Terr., Queensland (except sw), and c,e New S. Wales s to Nyngan and Sydney areas.
Leucosarcia melanoleuca   WONGA PIGEON.  Humid forest.  Coasts and highlands to 1200 m of se Australia in se Queensland n to Shoalwater Bay, e New South Wales and se Victoria (Gippsland region).
*Ectopistes migratorius   PASSENGER PIGEON.  Extinct, last recorded in wild in 1899 (last individual died in captivity in 1914); formerly in e N. America from c Montana, ec Saskatchewan, s Manitoba, Minnesota, Michigan, Ontario, s Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia s to e Kansas, Oklahoma, Mississippi and Georgia.  Wintered in se U.S.

Zenaida macroura   MOURNING DOVE.  Open forest, farmlands, deserts, towns.  N. and Middle America and W. Indies from se Alaska (possibly), s British Columbia, c Alberta, sc Saskatchewan and s Manitoba e across s Canada to Prince Edward I. and Nova Scotia, and s to s Baja Calif., Sonora (Pacific lowlands), int. mts. and C. Plateau of Mexico to Oaxaca and Puebla, and ne Tamaulipas, Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida; Bahamas and Greater Antilles (e to Puerto Rico, Culebra and Vieques is.); Revillagigedo (Clarion, Socorro) and Tres Marías is.; Costa Rica, Panama (e to w Panama Prov.), probably elsewhere in C. America.  Intro. e Hawaiian Is. on Hawaii.
Zenaida graysoni   SOCORRO DOVE.  Open woodland, scrub.  Extinct in wild (still exists in captivity); formerly se Revillagigedo Is. on Socorro I.  Often included in macroura.

Zenaida auriculata   EARED DOVE.  Open country, forest edge, llanos, farmlands.  Lowlands of s Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, Grenada, Grenadines); lowlands and mts. to 3400 m of S. America from Colombia (except nw), Venezuela (incl. is. from Netherlands Antilles e to Margarita, Tobago and Trinidad) and Guianas s (except forested parts of Amazonia) to n Tierra del Fuego (incl. Fernando de Noronha).
Zenaida aurita   ZENAIDA DOVE.  Open woodland, farms, scrub, mangroves.  W. Indies from Bahamas and Antilles s to Grenada, Cayman Is.; coast of se Mexico (Yucatán Pen., incl. Holbox, Mujeres and Cozumel is.).
Zenaida asiatica   WHITE-WINGED DOVE.  Scrub, woodland, farmlands, mangroves.  The two subspecies are geographically disjunct and vocally distinct and probably are separate species.

Z. a. asiatica  Sw U.S. and Middle America from se Calif., s Nevada, c Arizona, c New Mexico, n Chihuahua, sw Texas, locally s Louisiana, s on I. Tiburón off Sonora and Cozumel and Cancun is. off Quintana Roo, to s Baja Calif., Honduras; locally Pacific lowlands to w Panama (Herrera, sw Coclé); n W. Indies in s Bahamas on Great Inagua, Caicos and Turks is., Greater Antilles e to Puerto Rico, Mona and Vieques is. and on is. of Providencia and San Andrés.
 Z. a. meloda  Coast of cw S. America from sw Ecuador s to n Chile to Tarapacá.

Zenaida galapagoensis   GALAPAGOS DOVE.  Dry rocky lowland scrub.  Galapagos Is.
Columbina inca   INCA DOVE.  Open country, scrub, arid brush, farmlands, towns.  Lowlands of sw U.S. and Middle America from extreme se Calif., s Nevada, c Arizona, s New Mexico, c Texas and sw Louisiana (probably) s through Mexico (except Yucatán Pen.), Guatemala (rare Caribbean lowlands), Honduras (Pacific lowlands and arid int. v.) and Nicaragua (highlands and Pacific lowlands) to nw Costa Rica (Guanacaste, San José).  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of S. squammata.
Columbina squammata   SCALED DOVE.  Arid scrub, savanna, second growth, farmlands, towns.  Lowlands to 100 m of n,e S. America, in two disjunct areas:  n,ce Colombia (from Magdalena e to Guajira; e of Andes from Arauca to Meta and Vichada), n Venezuela (s to Orinoco V., and incl. Margarita I.), Trinidad and French Guiana; c Brazil (se Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceara and Bahia s through c Goiás, w Minas Gerais and São Paulo to Mato Grosso and Parana), Paraguay and extreme ne Argentina in Misiones.

Columbina passerina   COMMON GROUND-DOVE.  Farmlands, open country, arid brush.  Americas from s California, c Arizona, s New Mexico, c Texas, Gulf coast, S. Carolina and Bermuda s through W. Indies, Mexico (incl. Socorro I. in Revillagigedos, Tres Marías and Tres Marietas is. off w Mexico, and is. off Yucatán Pen.) and C. America (incl. Bay Is. off Honduras) to c Costa Rica (Guanacaste, c highlands) and w Panama (Azuero Pen.), and is. off n coast of Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles e to Trinidad and lowlands to 2200 m from n,c,e Colombia (w to n Cordoba, and Dagua, Patia, Cauca and Magdalena valleys), Venezuela and Guianas s to Ecuador (Andes) and n,ne Brazil from upper R.Negro and R.Madeira e to Amapá, e Pará, Maranhão, Piauí and Pernambuco, and s to Bahia.

Columbina minuta   PLAIN-BREASTED GROUND-DOVE.  Savanna, second growth, farmlands.  Lowlands to 1400 m of Neotropics on Gulf-Caribbean slope (locally) in Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche, Belize, Guatemala, ne Honduras and extreme ne Costa Rica; Pacific coast from sw Oaxaca to Costa Rica and c Panama (to Canal Zone, but not recorded in Honduras or Nicaragua); n,c,e Colombia from Cordoba e to Atlantico, Cesar and Norte de Santander, and s to upper Cauca V., Putumayo and Vaupés, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guianas, Peru, e,c Brazil from e Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceara, Pernambuco and Goiás s to São Paulo and Mato Grosso, n,e Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz), n Paraguay and ne Argentina in Misiones.

Columbina talpacoti   RUDDY GROUND-DOVE.  Dry open country, second growth, farmlands, savanna, towns.  Lowlands to 2400 m of Neotropics from n Sinaloa, e San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas s (incl. Cozumel and Cancun is. off Quintana Roo) to Panama (incl. Coiba and Pearl is.), and to 2400 m from Colombia, Venezuela (incl. Margarita I.), Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia and Brazil to Uruguay and n Argentina s to Tucumán and Buenos Aires.  Ranges n to sw U.S. and s Texas.  Winters north to s Calif., s Arizona and s Texas; no breeding records in the sw U.S. but this species may be spreading northward.
Columbina buckleyi   ECUADORIAN GROUND-DOVE.  Desert.  Coastal lowlands of cw S. America in Ecuador and extreme nw Peru (Tumbes).  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of C. talpacoti.

Columbina picui   PICUI GROUND-DOVE.  Savanna, farmlands, towns.  Sc S. America from Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and e Brazil (from Maranhão, Ceara, Piauí, Bahia and São Paulo w to Mato Grosso and s to Rio Grande do Sul) s to c Chile and c Argentina s to Mendoza and Buenos Aires.  Winters n to e Peru.
Columbina cruziana   CROAKING GROUND-DOVE.  Desert scrub, farmlands, towns.  Cw S. America from w Ecuador s to n Chile, and e in n Peru to Marañón V.
Columbina cyanopis   BLUE-EYED GROUND-DOVE.  Cerrado.  Sc Brazil in s Mato Grosso, s Goiás and extreme w São Paulo.

Claravis pretiosa   BLUE GROUND-DOVE.  Forest edge, open woodland, second growth.  Lowlands and foothills to 2100 m of Neotropics from e San Luis Potosí, s Tamaulipas and Chiapas s on both slopes to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru (to Piura) and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia and Brazil s to Santa Catarina, to Paraguay and n Argentina in Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán and Misiones.
Claravis mondetoura   MAROON-CHESTED GROUND-DOVE.  Dense humid forest undergrowth, bamboo.  Locally in mts., 900-3000 m, of Middle America in Veracruz, Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica and w Panama (Chiriqui); mts., 1300-2600 m, of w,n S. America from Colombia (W. Andes in Cauca; C. Andes in Caldas; E. Andes from Norte de Santander to Huila) and w,n Venezuela (w Zulia; sw Tachirá, nw Mérida; w Aragua, Distrito Federal) s along e slope of Andes in Ecuador and Peru to wc Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba).  Sometimes included in C. godefrida.

Claravis godefrida   PURPLE-WINGED GROUND-DOVE.  Woodland.  Se S. America in se Brazil from s Bahia, s Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro s to Santa Catarina, ne Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones).
Metriopelia ceciliae   BARE-FACED GROUND-DOVE.  Puna, arid stunted alpine forest, scrub, towns.  High Andes of sw S. America of Peru, Bolivia, n Chile (Tarapacá) and nw Argentina (Salta, Jujuy).
Metriopelia morenoi   BARE-EYED GROUND-DOVE.  Farmlands, open country.  Andes of nw Argentina in Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, Catamarca and La Rioja.

Metriopelia melanoptera   BLACK-WINGED GROUND-DOVE.  Puna, stunted forest, scrub.  High Andes above 3000 m of w S. America from sw Colombia (Nariño) s through Ecuador, Peru and c,s Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, (Chuquisaca) to c Chile (to Colchagua) and w Argentina (from Jujuy to Santa Cruz).
Metriopelia aymara   GOLDEN-SPOTTED GROUND-DOVE.  Puna, pastures, towns.  High Andes of sw S. America from s Peru and c,s Bolivia (La Paz, Cocabamba, Oruro, Potosí, Chuquisaca) s to c Chile (to Coquimbo) and cw Argentina from Salta and Jujuy to Mendoza.

Uropelia campestris   LONG-TAILED GROUND-DOVE.  Grassland, savanna, campos.  C S. America in n Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz), and c,ne Brazil from Amapá, I. Marajó, Maranhão, Piauí, and Ceara s to n,c Mato Grosso, s Pará, Goiás, and w Minas Gerais.
Leptotila verreauxi   WHITE-TIPPED DOVE.  Dry open woodland, forest edge, second growth, farmlands.  The reported differences in orbital color (blue in brasiliensis, red in verreauxi) are not consistent and treatment of brasiliensis as a species is not warranted.

L. v. verreauxi  Lowlands and foothills to 3000 m of Middle and w,n S. America from c Sonora,
sw Chihuahua, w Durango, Nayarit (incl. Tres Marías Is.), Jalisco San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León and extreme s Texas (lower Rio Grande V.) s to Panama (incl. Pearl Is., and many other small is. off Panama), and from Colombia (locally Pacific slope s to Nariño; Cauca and Magdalena V.; Norte de Santander; Vichada) and n,c Venezuela s to n Amazonas and e Bolívar, incl. is. from Netherlands Antilles e to Tobago and Trinidad; s,w of Andes through w,c Ecuador to n Peru in the Marañón Valley.
L. v. brasiliensis  C,sc S. America e of Andes from e Peru, e Bolivia and Brazil s to Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina (Mendoza, San Luis, La Pampa, n Buenos Aires).

Leptotila megalura   WHITE-FACED DOVE.  Forest.  Andes of sw S. America in n,e,se Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija) and nw Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, Tucumán).
Leptotila plumbeiceps   GREY-HEADED DOVE.  Humid forest, edge, second growth, swamps, woodland.  Lowlands and foothills of Middle and nw S. America from s Tamaulipas, e San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Mexico, Puebla and n Oaxaca s on Gulf-Caribbean slope (except Yucatán) to Nicaragua (incl. Pacific sw), both slopes of Costa Rica and nw Panama (Bocas del Toro), and w Colombia (Cauca V.; w slope of W. Andes s to Valle).  L. plumbeiceps and L. wellsi may be conspecific with L. rufaxilla.

Leptotila battyi   BROWN-BACKED DOVE.  Forest, swamps.  Pacific slope of w Panama (s Veraguas and w Herrera, incl. Cebaco and Coiba is.).  Sometimes treated as conspecific with L. rufaxilla.
Leptotila wellsi   GRENADA DOVE.  Arid scrub.  Hills of Grenada; formerly on adjacent small islands.  Formerly treated as a race of L. rufaxilla, but it is vocally distinct (Bechstein and Hardy, 1989. Auk 106:339-340).
Leptotila rufaxilla   GREY-FRONTED DOVE.  Forest, mostly riverine.  Lowlands to 1500 m of S. America e of Andes from e Colombia (n to Norte de Santander), w,s Venezuela (Zulia; Tachirá, Mérida, Barinas, Apure; s Distrito Federal, s,e Sucre; s of Orinoco), Trinidad and Guianas s through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil (to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay and extreme ne Argentina (Misiones).  See L. plumbeiceps and L. jamaicensis.

Leptotila jamaicensis   CARIBBEAN DOVE.  Forest undergrowth, open scrub, arid woodland.  W Caribbean region in Jamaica, Grand Cayman I., is. off Yucatán Pen. (Holbox, Mujeres, Cancun, Cozumel) and Honduras (Roatán and Barbareta in Bay Is., and Little Hog I.), and I. San Andres.  Intro. nw Bahamas (New Providence).  May be part of a large superspecies including the L. rufaxilla complex.
Leptotila pallida   PALLID DOVE.  Forest.  Pacific lowlands to 800 m of nw S. America in w Colombia (n to R.San Juan) and w Ecuador (s to Loja).
Leptotila cassini   GREY-CHESTED DOVE.  Humid forest, edge, second growth, thickets, towns.  Lowlands and foothills to 1000 m of c,s Middle and nw S. America from extreme se Mexico (Tabasco, n Chiapas) s on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and nw Colombia from Chocó s to Serranía de Baudó, and e to lower Magdalena V. in e Antioquia.
The correct original spelling is cassini, not cassinii.

Leptotila ochraceiventris   OCHRE-BELLIED DOVE.  Forest.  Andes and lowlands of cw S. America in sw Ecuador and nw Peru (Piura).
Leptotila conoveri   TOLIMA DOVE.  Humid forest.  Andes, 1800-2500 m, of c Colombia on the e slopes of C. Andes from Tolima to Huila.
Geotrygon lawrencii   PURPLISH-BACKED QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest.

Two disjunct populations in mts., 1000-2600 m.
Differ in size and are probably separate species.

G. l. carrikeri  Mexico in se Veracruz in the Sierra de Tuxtla.
G. l. lawrencii  Costa Rica and Panama e to Darién.

Geotrygon costaricensis   BUFF-FRONTED QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest.  Mts., 1000-3000 m, of s C. America in Costa Rica and w Panama e to Veraguas.
Geotrygon saphirina   SAPPHIRE QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest undergrowth.  The two races may be separate species.

G. s. purpurata  Lowlands and foothills to 1100 m of nw S. America w of Andes from nw Colombia (n to upper Atrato V.) s to nw Ecuador.
 G. s. saphirina  W S. America e of Andes from e Ecuador s to se Peru (Cuzco), probably se Colombia in Putumayo and Amazonas.

Geotrygon caniceps   GREY-HEADED QUAIL-DOVE.  Forest.  Cuba (lowlands, approaching extinction?) and Hispaniola in the highlands of the Dominican Republic.
Geotrygon versicolor   CRESTED QUAIL-DOVE.  Forest undergrowth.  Mts. of Jamaica.
Geotrygon veraguensis   OLIVE-BACKED QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest undergrowth, second-growth woodland.  Lowlands to 1500 m of s C. and nw S. America in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope) and Panama (Caribbean slope; Pacific slope in e Panama Prov.), w Colombia e to Antioquia and lower Cauca V. and nw Ecuador in Esmeraldas.

Geotrygon albifacies   WHITE-FACED QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest undergrowth.  Locally in mts. of Middle America in San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and nc Nicaragua.  G. albifacies, G. chiriquensis and G. goldmani may be conspecific with G. linearis.
Geotrygon chiriquensis   RUFOUS-BREASTED QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest undergrowth.  Mts. of s C. America in Costa Rica and w Panama (Chiriqui, Veraguas).  See G. albifacies.
Geotrygon goldmani   RUSSET-CROWNED QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest undergrowth.  Mts., 900-1600 m, of e Panama (e Panama Prov., Darién) and extreme nw Colombia (Cerro Tacarcuna, R. Jurado).  Ranges to lowlands.  See G. albifacies.

Geotrygon linearis   LINED QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest undergrowth, tall second growth.  Foothills and mts., 300-2500 m, of n S. America in n,e Colombia (middle Cauca and middle Magdalena V.; Caldas; Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá; e of Andes from Norte de Santander
s to Meta and Caquetá), w,n Venezuela from Zulia and Falcon s to Mérida, Tachirá and Lara, and
e to Miranda; Sucre, Monagas; Trinidad and Tobago.  See G. albifacies.
Geotrygon frenata   WHITE-THROATED QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest undergrowth.
Andes, 900-2500 m, of nw S. America in Colombia (Pacific slope n to R. San Juan, C. Andes n to Quindío, both slopes of Nariño) and e,w Ecuador; nw,e,s Peru, c Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, w Santa Cruz) and nw Argentina in Jujuy  The name "G. erythropareia" represents a dark morph of
this species.

Geotrygon chrysia   KEY WEST QUAIL-DOVE.  Dry forest undergrowth, scrub.  Bahamas s to San Salvador and N. Caicos, Cuba and I. of Pines, Hispaniola (incl. Gonâve, Tortue and Catalina is.) and sw Puerto Rico (incl. Culebra I., possibly Mona I.).  Formerly in the Florida Keys, now only a vagrant in s Florida.
Geotrygon mystacea   BRIDLED QUAIL-DOVE.  Dry forest undergrowth, woodland.  C,se W. Indies in Virgin Is. (except Anegada and most small cays) and Lesser Antilles from Saba and Barbuda s to St. Lucia.  Erroneously recorded from Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra is.
Geotrygon violacea   VIOLACEOUS QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest.  Locally in lowlands and foothills to 1650 m of Neotropics in e Nicaragua (Caribbean lowlands), Costa Rica (Caribbean lowlands; Guanacaste Prov. in Pacific nw), Panama (from Colón e), n,e Colombia (Antioquia; Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá; Meta), w,n,sc Venezuela (w Zulia, s Tachirá, Mérida, Lara, Sucre, ne Bolívar), Surinam, e Brazil s of Amazon from e Pará, Alagoas and Bahia s through Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais to São Paulo and Parana), Paraguay, extreme ne Argentina (Misiones) and n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz).

Geotrygon montana   RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE.  Humid forest undergrowth, second growth, woodland.  Greater Antilles e to Virgin Is. s to Grenada, and lowlands to 2600 from s Sinaloa, Puebla and Veracruz s along both slopes of Middle America (incl. Yucatán Pen.) to Panama (incl. I. Coiba, and I. San José in Pearl Is.), and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil to n Paraguay and extreme nc Argentina (Misiones); Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe and Dominica s to St. Vincent.  Vagrant in s Florida.
Starnoenas cyanocephala   BLUE-HEADED QUAIL-DOVE.  Forest undergrowth.  Cuba and I. of Pines; recorded s Florida and Jamaica (possibly intro.).

Caloenas nicobarica   NICOBAR PIGEON.  Bushes, thick forest, mangroves.  Primarily confined to small, offshore islands.  Lowlands of se Asia, Malay Arch. and New Guinea region from Andaman and Nicobar is., Peninsular Thailand and Malaya, incl. Mergui Arch., Cambodia and Con Son Is. (off s Vietnam), e,se through E. Indies, Philippines, islands off w,n New Guinea, Trobriand Is., and D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade arch. to Palau, Bismarck Arch. and Solomon Is.
Gallicolumba luzonica   LUZON BLEEDING-HEART.  Forest.  N Philippines on Luzon, Polillo Is., Catanduanes.  This and the following four species are sometimes considered conspecific; differences suggest that treatment as allospecies is more appropriate.
Gallicolumba platenae   MINDORO BLEEDING-HEART.  Forest.  C Philippines on Mindoro.  See G. luzonica.

Gallicolumba keayi   NEGROS BLEEDING-HEART.  Forest.  C Philippines on Negros.  See G. luzonica.
Gallicolumba criniger   MINDANAO BLEEDING-HEART.  Forest.  Se Philippines on Samar, Leyte, Dinagat, Mindanao and Basilan.  See G. luzonica.
Gallicolumba menagei   SULU BLEEDING-HEART.  Forest.  Extreme sw Philippines on Tawitawi.  See G. luzonica.
Gallicolumba rufigula   CINNAMON GROUND-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1600 m of New Guinea region in Aru Is., w Papuan is. of Waigeo, Salawati and Misool); New Guinea incl. Yapen I.
Gallicolumba tristigmata   SULAWESI GROUND-DOVE.  Dense humid forest.  Lowlands and mts. of Sulawesi.

Gallicolumba jobiensis   WHITE-BIBBED GROUND-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands and mts. to 2400 m of New Guinea, except Vogelkop, but incl. Yapen, Manam and Karkar is.; D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson and Goodenough is.; Bismarck Arch. and Solomon Is. on Vella Lavellaand Guadalcanal.
Gallicolumba kubaryi   CAROLINE ISLANDS GROUND-DOVE.  Woodland, towns.  Ec Caroline Is. on Truk and Pohnpei.
Gallicolumba erythroptera   POLYNESIAN GROUND-DOVE.  Forest.  Se Polynesia in Society Is. on Moorea and Tahiti, at least formerly, now apparently extirpated; and Tuamotu.
Gallicolumba xanthonura   WHITE-THROATED GROUND-DOVE.  Forest.  Mariana Is. from Saipan s to Guam and Yap I. in the w Caroline Is.

Gallicolumba stairi   FRIENDLY GROUND-DOVE.  Forest.  Cs Polynesia in Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa and Tonga.  The correct original spelling is stairi, not "stairii".
Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis   SANTA CRUZ GROUND-DOVE.  Forest.  E Melanesia in Santa Cruz Is. on Tinakula and Utupua, and Vanuatu on Espíritu Santo.
*Gallicolumba ferruginea   TANNA GROUND-DOVE.  Presumably forest.  Extinct; formerly in s Vanuatu on Tanna I.
Gallicolumba salamonis   THICK-BILLED GROUND-DOVE.  Woodland.  Solomon Is. on Ramos and San Cristobal.

Gallicolumba rubescens   MARQUESAN GROUND-DOVE.  Forest, brush.  Marquesas, restricted to Hatutu and Fatu Huku, possibly Nuka Hiva.
Gallicolumba beccarii   BRONZE GROUND-DOVE.  Forest.  Mts., 1400-2800 m, of New Guinea (incl. lowlands of Karkar I.), Bismarck Arch. (incl. Admiralty, Mussau in the St. Matthias Is., and Green Is.) and Solomon Is., incl. Rennell I.
Gallicolumba canifrons   PALAU GROUND-DOVE.  Rocky ridge forests.  Palau.
Gallicolumba hoedtii   WETAR GROUND-DOVE.  Forest.  Ec Lesser Sunda Is. on Wetar I.
Trugon terrestris   THICK-BILLED GROUND-PIGEON.  Forest.  Lowlands to 600 m in w Papuan is. on Salawati and New Guinea (absent from n lowlands e of Humboldt Bay).

*Microgoura meeki   CHOISEUL PIGEON.  Extinct, not recorded since 1904.  Formerly nw Solomon Is. on Choiseul I.
Otidiphaps nobilis   PHEASANT PIGEON.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1200 m of Aru and w Papuan is. on Waigeo and Batanta), New Guinea incl. Yapen I., and D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson I.
Phapitreron leucotis   WHITE-EARED BROWN-DOVE.  Dense forest, open woodland, field edges.  Philippines incl. Sulu Arch., but absent from Palawan and Calamian Is.
Phapitreron amethystina   AMETHYST BROWN-DOVE.  Humid forest, dense second-growth.  Mts., 1000-2500 m, of Philippines.  See P. cinereiceps.

Phapitreron cinereiceps   DARK-EARED BROWN-DOVE.  Humid forest, dense second-growth.  Mts. of s Philippines on Mindanao (Mt. McKinley, Mt. Malindang), Basilan and Tawitawi.  May be conspecific with P. amethystina, but they occur in close proximity on Mindanao.
Treron fulvicollis   CINNAMON-HEADED GREEN-PIGEON.  Mangroves, coastal and riverine forest, swamps, open scrub.  Lowlands of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra including Nias, Mentawai Is., Riau and Lingga arch., Bangka and Belitung, and Borneo incl. Natuna and other small is. off n coast.
Treron olax   LITTLE GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest, second growth, towns.  Lowlands to 1200 m of se Asia in peninsular Thailand and Malaya; Sumatra (incl. Riau Arch. and Bangka), Borneo and Java, incl. Natuna Is.

Treron vernans   PINK-NECKED GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest, second growth, gardens.  Lowlands of se Asia and Malay Arch. in Thailand (except ne,c), Cambodia, s Vietnam (s Annam, Cochinchina), s Burma (s Tenasserim), Malaya, Sumatra incl. most surrounding is., Borneo incl. Anambas and Natuna is., Java, Sulawesi and Philippines.
Treron bicincta   ORANGE-BREASTED GREEN-PIGEON.  Woodland.  Lowlands to 1500 m of s Asia in c,e India n to Himalayan foothills from Uttar Pradesh e to Assam and w to W. Ghats; Sri Lanka; Burma; Thailand (except c), s Laos, c,s Vietnam (Annam, Cochinchina), n Malaya, Hainan I. and Java.
Treron pompadora   POMPADOUR GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest.  The following four groups are sometimes treated as separate species.

T. p. pompadora  Locally in lowlands to 1500 m of s Asia in c,e India n to Himalayan foothills from Uttar Pradesh e to Assam, and w to W. Ghats; Sri Lanka; Burma; sw China (s Yunnan); Thailand (except c), Laos and s Vietnam (Cochinchina).
 T. p. chloropeta  Andaman and Nicobar islands.
 T. p. axillaris  Philippines (incl. Sulu Arch., but absent from Calamian Is. and Palawan.
 T. p. aromatica  Sc Wallacea on is. in Flores Sea (Tanahjampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa) and Buru I. in the s Moluccas.

Treron curvirostra   THICK-BILLED GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1200 m of s Asia and Malay Arch. from n,e India from Nepal e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Bangladesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland; s China in w Yunnan and on Hainan I., s through se Asia to Sumatra incl. most surrounding is.; Borneo; w Philippines on Mindoro, Palawan and Balabac.  This and the following four species sometimes considered to be conspecific.
Treron griseicauda   GREY-CHEEKED GREEN-PIGEON.  Farmlands, open woodland.  Indonesia in s Sumatra (possibly a vagrant), Java, Bali, is. in Flores Sea (Kangean, Tanahjampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa, Madu) and Sulawesi incl. Sangihe, Peleng, Banggai and Tukangbesi is.  T. curvirostra.

Treron floris   FLORES GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest.  W,c Lesser Sunda Is. of Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Solor, Lomblen, Pantar and Alor.  See T. curvirostra.
Treron teysmannii   SUMBA GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest.  Sumba I. in the c Lesser Sunda Is.  See T. curvirostra.
Treron psittacea   TIMOR GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest.  Semau and Timor in the c Lesser Sunda Is.  See T. curvirostra.
Treron capellei   LARGE GREEN-PIGEON.  Open forest.  Lowlands to 1200 m of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra incl. Lingga Arch., Java and Borneo.

Treron phoenicoptera   YELLOW-FOOTED GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest, scrub, towns.  Lowlands to 1300 m of s Asia from e Pakistan (Punjab), India n to Himalayan foothills, and w to Gujarat, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, and extreme sw China (s Yunnan) s to Burma, n,sw Thailand, Cambodia, c,s Laos and s Vietnam in s Annam and Cochinchina.
Treron waalia   BRUCE'S GREEN-PIGEON.  Open woodland, forested valleys, savanna.  Subsaharan African region in Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, n Ivory Coast, Burkino-Faso, n Ghana, s Niger, n Togo, n Benin, n,c Nigeria, n,c Cameroon, sw Chad, nw C. African Rep., c,s Sudan, extreme ne Zaire and n Uganda, n Kenya to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia incl. Socotra I. and sw Arabia in Yemen.

Treron calva   AFRICAN GREEN-PIGEON.  Open woodland, savanna, gallery forest
W,c,ne Africa in Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Niger, Cameroon, Fernando Po and Príncipe islands, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, s C. African Rep., Chad, and s Sudan to sw,wc Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, c,s Kenya, s to n Namibia, n,e Botswana, w,c Zimbabwe, w,c Zambia and w,c Tanzania.  Se Africa in lowlands from e Tanzania s through e Zambia, Malawi, e Zimbabwe and Mozambique to e,s S. Africa in Transvaal, Natal and e Cape Prov.  Absent only from Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and Socotra I.  See comments under T. australis.

Treron sanctithomae   SAO TOME GREEN-PIGEON.  Tall forest.  São Tomé (formerly I. das Rolas).  Sometimes treated as conspecific with T. calva or of T. australis.
Treron pembaensis   PEMBA GREEN-PIGEON.  Open woodland.  Lowlands of Pemba I. off Tanzania.  Differs morphologically and vocally from T. australis and considered a separate species by the East African List Committee (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of T. calva or of T. australis.
Treron australis   MADAGASCAR GREEN-PIGEON.  Open woodland, savanna on Madagascar; evergreen forest on Mohéli I.  Lowlands of Madagascar and Mohéli I. in the Comoro Is.  Probably formerly on Grand Comoro and Anjouan.

Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) treat T. calva, T. sanctithomae and T. pembaensis as subspecies of T. australis.  They provide an extensive discussion, noting that vocalizations are similar and that morphological differences are no greater than among the numerous mainland subspecies of the calva group.  It is clear that these populations are not in contact and cannot interbreed, thus treating them as allospecies is reasonable.

Treron apicauda   PIN-TAILED GREEN-PIGEON.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 1800 m of s Asia in Himalayan foothills of n,e India from Kumaon e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Bangladesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland; sw China in s Szechwan, nw,s Yunnan; Burma (incl. Tenasserim), nw Thailand and c,s Vietnam in Annam and Cochinchina.
Treron oxyura   SUMATRAN GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts., 350-1800 m, of w Indonesia in Sumatra and w Java.
Treron seimundi   YELLOW-VENTED GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts. (rarely lowlands) of se Asia in Malaya, nw,c Thailand and c,s Vietnam in Annam and Cochinchina).

Treron sphenura   WEDGE-TAILED GREEN-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts., 900-3000 m, of s Asia from Himalayas of n India (from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh, n Assam and Nagaland) and s China (sw Szechwan, w,s Yunnan, w Kwangsi) s through Burma, nw,ne Thailand, Laos and n,c Vietnam (Tonkin, Annam) to Malaya; w Indonesia in mts. of Sumatra, Java and Lombok.
Treron sieboldii   WHITE-BELLIED GREEN-PIGEON.  Heavy mixed forest.  Lowlands and foothills to 1600 m of s,e Asia in nw Thailand, n Vietnam (Tonkin, n Annam), China (s Shensi, ne Hopeh, e Szechwan, Kweichow, Kwangsi, Fukien, Hainan), Japan (from Hokkaido and Honshu to Shikoku and Kyushu) and Taiwan incl. Lan Ÿu Is.

Treron formosae   WHISTLING GREEN-PIGEON.  Tall dense forest.  E Asia in Ryukyu Is., Taiwan and n Philippines on Batan Is., Calayan and Camiguin Norte.
Ptilinopus porphyreus   PINK-HEADED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest. Mts., 1400-2200 m, of w Indonesia in Sumatra, Java and Bali.
Ptilinopus cinctus   BLACK-BACKED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, casuarina scrub.  Lesser Sunda Is. from Bali e to Teun and from Flores e to Babar.  See P. alligator.
Ptilinopus dohertyi   RED-NAPED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  C Lesser Sunda Is. on Sumba.

Ptilinopus alligator   BLACK-BANDED FRUIT-DOVE.  Scrub in sandstone gullies, eucalypt forest edge  Extreme cn Australia (Arnhem Land).  Often considered conspecific with P. cinctus.
Ptilinopus marchei   FLAME-BREASTED FRUIT-DOVE.  Stunted trees.  Mts. of n Philippines on Luzon.
Ptilinopus merrilli   CREAM-BELLIED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1000 m of n Philippines on Luzon, Polillo Is. and Catanduanes.
Ptilinopus occipitalis   YELLOW-BREASTED FRUIT-DOVE.  Dense second growth, forest.  Philippines (except Palawan).

Ptilinopus fischeri   RED-EARED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Mts., between 1000-3000 m, of Sulawesi.
Ptilinopus jambu   JAMBU FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, second growth, mangroves.  Lowlands to 1500 m in se Asia in Malay Pen. (s pen. Thailand, Malaya), Sumatra incl. Nias, Riau Arch., Bangka and Belitung and Borneo.
Ptilinopus leclancheri   BLACK-CHINNED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Se China on the Lan Ÿu Is.; and the Philippines.
Ptilinopus subgularis   MAROON-CHINNED FRUIT-DOVE.  Dense second growth, forest.  Wallacea in Sulawesi incl. Peleng and Banggai is. and cw Moluccas on Mangole I.

Ptilinopus bernsteinii   SCARLET-BREASTED FRUIT-DOVE.  Bamboo thickets.  N Moluccas on Ternate, Bacan and Obi.
Ptilinopus magnificus   WOMPOO FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1450 m of the w Papuan is. of Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati and Misool); New Guinea incl. Yapen, Manam and Karkar is., and e Australia in e Queensland from Cape York s, and ne New S. Wales s to Hunter R., formerly to Illawarra Dist.
Ptilinopus perlatus   PINK-SPOTTED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, woodland, towns.  Lowlands to 1200 m of New Guinea region in Aru and w Papuan is. of Waigeo and Salawati; New Guinea incl. Yapen I. and D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson, Goodenough and Normanby is.

Ptilinopus ornatus   ORNATE FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 2400 m of New Guinea.
Ptilinopus tannensis   TANNA FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, wooded patches in grasslands.  Vanuatu and Banks Islands.
Ptilinopus aurantiifrons   ORANGE-FRONTED FRUIT-DOVE.  Savanna, riparian forest, mangroves.  Lowlands to 300 m of Aru and w Papuan is. on Batanta and Salawati; New Guinea incl. Yapen I., but absent from n coast between Sepik R.and Collingwood Bay, and D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson I.
Ptilinopus wallacii   WALLACE'S FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands near sea level of e Indonesia on Babar in the e Lesser Sunda Is.; s Moluccas (incl. Banda Is.), Tanimbar, Watubela, Kai and Aru is., and s coast of w New Guinea from Mimika R. to Noord River.

Ptilinopus superbus   SUPERB FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, tree-dotted farmland, lantana thickets.  Lowlands to 1800 m of Malay Arch. and Australian region in sw Philippines in the Sulu Arch., at least formerly, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Aru and w Papuan is., New Guinea incl. most is.; D'Entrecasteaux, Louisiade and Bismarck arch., Admiralty Is., is. in Torres Strait and ne Queensland s to Mackay area.  Ranges to se Australia and Tasmania.
Ptilinopus perousii   MANY-COLORED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, grassland copses, towns.  S Polynesia in Fiji, Tonga on Tongatapu, Niue and Samoa.
Ptilinopus monacha   BLUE-CAPPED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  N Moluccas on Halmahera, Ternate, and Bacan islands.

Ptilinopus coronulatus   CORONETED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, woodland edge, savanna.  Lowlands to 1200 m of New Guinea region in Aru and w Papuan is. on Salawati, and New Guinea incl. Yapen, Kurudu and Manam is.
Ptilinopus pulchellus   BEAUTIFUL FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1300 m of New Guinea region in w Papuan is. of Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati and Misool), and New Guinea.
Ptilinopus regina   ROSE-CROWNED FRUIT-DOVE.  Humid forest, mangroves.  S. Indonesia and n,e Australia in Lesser Sunda Is. w to Sawa and Flores, Banda Is. in s Moluccas, Kai Is., Daru I. off s New Guinea, and coasts and is. of n,e Australia from ne W. Australia (Kimberleys) e to Queensland, and s to ne New S. Wales s to Hunter River.  Ranges to se Australia and Tasmania.

Ptilinopus roseicapilla   MARIANA FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland.  S Mariana Is. from Saipan s to Guam.
Ptilinopus greyii   RED-BELLIED FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland.  Cn Solomons on Dai I.; Santa Cruz and Banks is., Vanuatu, Loyalty Is. and New Caledonia incl. I. of Pines.
Ptilinopus richardsii   SILVER-CAPPED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  E Solomon Is. on Rennell, Ugi and Santa Ana.
Ptilinopus porphyraceus   CRIMSON-CROWNED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Wc Oceania in Caroline Is. on Pohnpei, Kosrae, Truk, and sw Marshall Is. on Ebon; cs Polynesia in Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, Tonga and Niue.

Ptilinopus pelewensis   PALAU FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland, thickets.  Palau.
Ptilinopus rarotongensis   COOK ISLANDS FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland.  S Cook Is. on Rarotonga, Atiu.
Ptilinopus huttoni   RAPA FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland.  Se Tubuai Is. on Rapa I.
Ptilinopus purpuratus   GREY-GREEN FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, woods.  Lowlands to 1000 m in Society Is.
Ptilinopus coralensis   ATOLL FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, woodland.  Tuamotu (absent from Makatea).
Ptilinopus chalcurus   MAKATEA FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, woodland.  W Tuamotu on Makatea.

Ptilinopus insularis   HENDERSON ISLAND FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland.  Henderson I.
Ptilinopus mercierii   RED-MOUSTACHED FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland.  Marquesas on Nuku Hiva, Hiva Oa, possibly Tahuatu and Fatu Hiva; possibly extinct; last seen in 1922.
Ptilinopus dupetithouarsii   WHITE-CAPPED FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland.  Marquesas from Nuka Hiva and Ua Huka s to Fatu Hiva.
Ptilinopus rivoli   WHITE-BIBBED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest, woodland.  Lowlands and mts. to 3400 m of e Indonesia and the Moluccas, Watubela, Kai and w Papuan is.; New Guinea incl. most coastal is., D'Entrecasteaux, Louisiade and Bismarck arch., and Woodlark and Trobriand is.

Ptilinopus solomonensis   YELLOW-BIBBED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 750 m of New Guinea region on is. in Geelvink Bay (Numfor, Biak, Traitor's and Marai is.), Bismarck Arch. incl. Umboi, Witu, Watom, and from Wuvulu e to Tench I., St. Matthias, Emira (= Squally) and Solomon Is. from Green Is. se.
Ptilinopus viridis   CLARET-BREASTED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.

P. v. viridis  S Moluccas on Buru, Ambon, Saparua and Seram.
P. v. pectoralis  Lowlands to 1000 m in w Papuan is. of Kofiau, Gag, Gebe, Waigeo and Misool; w New Guinea e to Triton Bay, Cyclops Mts., and n coastal ranges, incl. Yapen I.; Trobriand Is., D'Entrecasteaux Arch. in the Lihir Is., and Solomon Is. s to Guadalcanal and Malaita. See P. eugeniae.
P. v. geelvinkiana  Nw New Guinea incl. is. in Geelvink Bay, except Yapen..

Ptilinopus eugeniae   WHITE-HEADED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Se Solomon Is. on Ugi and San Cristobal.  May be conspecific with P. viridis.
Ptilinopus hyogastra   GREY-HEADED FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland.  N Moluccas on Halmahera and Bacan.
Ptilinopus granulifrons   CARUNCULATED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  C Moluccas.  on Obi I.
Ptilinopus iozonus   ORANGE-BELLIED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 800 m of New Guinea region in Aru and w Papuan is. on Waigeo and Salawati; New Guinea incl. Yapen, Kurudu, Karkar and Manam is.  See P. naina.

Ptilinopus insolitus   KNOB-BILLED FRUIT-DOVE.  Woodland.  Bismarck Arch. on the St. Matthias and Lihir is., New Ireland, Duke of York I., New Britain.
Ptilinopus naina   DWARF FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 750m of w Papuan is. on Waigeo, Salawati, probably Misool; and New Guinea.  P. naina is sympatric with P. iozonus in the western Papuan islands.  The correct original spelling for this species is naina, not "nanus".
Ptilinopus melanospila   BLACK-NAPED FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest edge, copses, scrub.  Malay Arch. on is. off s Sumatra, n Borneo (Balambangan, Banggi), s Philippines (Palawan, Cagayan Sulu, Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu Arch.), Sulawesi (include. Sangihe, Talaud, Togian, Peleng and Banggai is.), c Moluccas (Sula Is., Seram), Java, is. in Java and Flores seas (Kangean, Matasiri, Kalao, Kalaotoa, Madu, Salayar), and Lesser Sunda Is. from Bali to Alor, incl. Sumba.

Ptilinopus arcanus   NEGROS FRUIT-DOVE.  Forest.  Known only from type specimen, taken ca. 1200 m in c Philippines on nc Negros I. on the slopes of Mt. Canlaon.
Ptilinopus victor   ORANGE DOVE.  Forest.  Cn Fiji on Vanua Levu, Rabi, Koia, Taveuni, Qamea, Kioa and Laucala.
Ptilinopus luteovirens   GOLDEN DOVE.  Forest, dense second growth.  W Fiji on Waya, Viti Levu, Beqa, Ovalau and Gau.
Ptilinopus layardi   WHISTLING DOVE.  Woodland.  Sw Fiji on Kadavu and Ono.
Drepanoptila holosericea   CLOVEN-FEATHERED DOVE.  Forest.  New Caledonia incl. I. of Pines.

Alectroenas madagascariensis   MADAGASCAR BLUE-PIGEON.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 1800 m of n,e Madagascar.
Alectroenas sganzini   COMORO BLUE-PIGEON.  Humid forest.  Aldabra and Comoro is.
*Alectroenas nitidissima   MAURITIUS BLUE-PIGEON.  Extinct ca. 1826; formerly w Mascarene Is. on Mauritius.
Alectroenas pulcherrima   SEYCHELLES BLUE-PIGEON.  Forest.  Seychelles; possibly nearing extinction.

Ducula poliocephala   PINK-BELLIED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Highlands, 600-1500 m, of Philippines on Luzon, Catanduanes, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Masbate, Samar, Leyte, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Dinagat, Mindanao, Basilan and Tawitawi.
Ducula forsteni   WHITE-BELLIED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, dense second growth, copses.  Mts., 300-1500 m, of Sulawesi.  D. mindorensis.
Ducula mindorensis   MINDORO IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Woodland.  Mts. above 1000 m of c Philippines on Mindoro.  May be conspecific with D. forsteni or with D. radiata.
Ducula radiata   GREY-HEADED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts. of Sulawesi.  See D. mindorensis.
Ducula carola   SPOTTED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Lowlands to 2000 m of Philippines on Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Negros, Siquijor and Mindanao.

Ducula aenea   GREEN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Evergreen forest, copses, mangroves.  Lowlands to 1000 m of s Asia and Malay Arch. from c,e India w to Uttar Pradesh and W. Ghats; Sri Lanka; and s China (sw Yunnan, Kwangatung, Hainan) s through se Asia to Andaman and Nicobar is., Sumatra incl. most surrounding islands; Borneo incl. Tambelan and Anambas, Natuna and Banggai is., Java incl. Penida; Sulawesi incl. Togian, Talaud and Sula is.; Lesser Sunda Is. of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Pantar and Alor; and Philippines; Enggano off sw Sumatra.
Ducula perspicillata   WHITE-EYED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Moluccas on Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi, Buru, Seram, Ambon, Saparua and Boano.

Ducula concinna   ELEGANT IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, woodland.  Islets of Wallacea and New Guinea region in Talaud and Sangihe is.), is. in Flores Sea (Tanahjampea, Kalaotoa), e Lesser Sunda Is. (Teun, Nila, Sermata), s Moluccas (Banda, Seram Laut and Watubela is.), Kai and Aru is., and is. off coast of nw New Guinea off Bomberai Pen.
Ducula pacifica   PACIFIC IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, woodland.  From is. off n,se coasts of New Guinea e through Bismarck Arch., Louisiade Arch., s Solomon Is. (Rennell), Santa Cruz Is. and Vanuatu to Ellice, Phoenix and Cook is., Samoa, Tonga and Niue.
Ducula oceanica   MICRONESIAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, wooded ridges.  Cw Oceania in Caroline (w to Palau) and Marshall is., formerly Kiribati.

Ducula aurorae   POLYNESIAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Woodland.  Sc Polynesia in Society Is. on Tahiti and Tuamotu on Makatea.
Ducula galeata   MARQUESAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Woodland.  Nc Marquesas on Nuku Hiva.
Ducula rubricera   RED-KNOBBED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, woodland.  Bismarck Arch. w to New Hanover and Umboi; and the Solomon Is.
Ducula myristicivora   SPICE IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Woodland.  E Indonesia on is. off sw Halmahera (Widi Is.), w Papuan is., and New Guinea in Geelvink Bay on Meos Num, Numfor and Biak.

Ducula pistrinaria   ISLAND IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forested islets.  New Guinea region on small is. off se New Guinea from Manam and Karkar to D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade arch.; Bismarck Arch., from Admiralty Is., New Hanover and Lihir Is. s to Feni and Nissan is., and Solomon Is.
Ducula whartoni   CHRISTMAS ISLAND IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, woodland.  Christmas I. in the e Indian Ocean.  May be a race of D. rosacea.
Ducula rosacea   PINK-HEADED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, woodland.  Wallacea on islets in Java Sea from Seribu Is. e to Satengar; Lesser Sunda Is. from Flores to Babar; Tukangbesi Is. off se Sulawesi, and Tanimbar, Watubela and Kai is.  See S. whartoni.

Ducula pickeringii   GREY IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Woodland.  Ne Malay Arch. on islets off n,ne coast of Borneo and in Sulu Sea, on Talaud Is., and in s Philippines on islets from Balabac to Cagayan Sulu and Cagayan Is., Sulu Arch., and off Basilan.
Ducula basilica   CINNAMON-BELLIED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Dense forest.  Mts. of n Moluccas on Morotai, Halmahera, Ternate, Bacan, Obi.  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of D. rufigaster.
Ducula rufigaster   PURPLE-TAILED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, edge.  Lowlands to 1200 m of in w Papuan is. on Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool, and New Guinea from Vogelkop e to Fly R.and Huon Gulf, include. Yapen I.  See D. basilica and D. finschii.

Ducula finschii   FINSCH'S IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Bismarck Arch.  May be conspecific with D. rufigaster.
Ducula chalconota   SHINING IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts., 1400-2500 m, of New Guinea from the Volgelkop to Huon Pen. and Wandammen Mts.
Ducula latrans   PEALE'S IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Tall second growth, forest edge.  Fiji on the large is., and smaller is. s,e to Matuku, Moala and Nayau.
Ducula brenchleyi   CHESTNUT-BELLIED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, woodland.  Solomon Is.

Ducula bakeri   BAKER'S IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts. of n Vanuatu from Banks Is. s to Ambrym.
Ducula goliath   NEW CALEDONIAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts. of New Caledonia incl. I. of Pines.
Ducula pinon   PINON IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest, well-wooded savanna.  Lowlands to 750 m in Aru and w Papuan is. (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool), New Guinea incl. Yapen, Karkar and Manam is., and D'Entrecasteaux (Fergusson, Goodenough is.) and Louisiade arch.
Ducula melanochroa   BISMARCK IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Bismarck Arch. on Umboi, New Britain, New Ireland and Duke of York Is.

Ducula mullerii   COLLARED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Bottomland forest, lakeshore woodland.  Coastal lowlands in Aru Is. and New Guinea (except se).
Ducula zoeae   BANDED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1400 m of New Guinea region in Aru and w Papuan is. (Salawati), New Guinea incl. Yapen I., D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Goodenough and Fergusson is. and Louisiade Arch. on Misima I.
Ducula badia   MOUNTAIN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Hills and mts. to 2300 m of s Asia in n,sw India (Himalayan foothills from w Nepal e to Assam, Nagaland and Manipur, and W. Ghats in Goa, w Mysore and Kerala), s China (sw Yunnan, Hainan), se Asia (except c Thailand), Sumatra, Borneo and w Java.

Ducula lacernulata   DARK-BACKED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Hills and mts. of sw Indonesia in Java and w Lesser Sunda Is. of Bali, Lombok and Flores.
Ducula cineracea   TIMOR IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts. of c Lesser Sunda Is. of Timor and Wetar.
Ducula bicolor   PIED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Woodland, mangroves, coconut groves.  Widely distributed in coastal regions of se Asia, Malay Arch. and Indonesia, mostly on small is. and islets (but absent from is. where other members of superspecies occur), from Andaman and Nicobar is., coasts of se Asia, and Philippines s,e through E. Indies (except Aru Is.) to w Papuan is. (Salawati, Misool) and coastal nw New Guinea (Vogelkop).
Includes D. melanura of the Moluccas, which may be a color morph of D. bicolor.  D. bicolor, D. spilorrhoa, D. constans and D. subflavescens are closely-related.

Ducula spilorrhoa   TORRESIAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Woodland, mangroves, coconut groves.  Aru Is., New Guinea (incl. is. along n coast from Geelvink Bay to D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade arch., but absent from far w), islands in Torres Strait, Lord Howe I., and n Australia from extreme ne W. Australia e to ne Queensland and s to Mackay area.
Ducula constans   KIMBERLEY IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Vine forest, mangroves, thickets near water.  Ne W. Australia in the Kimberleys.
Ducula subflavescens   YELLOW-TINTED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.  Woodland, mangroves.  Bismarck Arch.,incl. Admiralty is.
Lopholaimus antarcticus   TOPKNOT PIGEON.  Humid forest, eucalyptus woodland.  Coasts and is. of e Australia in e Queensland n to Cape York and e New S. Wales s to Illawarra District Ranges s to se Australia and Tasmania.

Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae   NEW ZEALAND PIGEON.  Forest, woodland, towns.  New Zealand on North, South, Stewart and various small is.; and Chatham Is.  Formerly Norfolk I., now extinct there.
Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa   SOMBRE PIGEON.  Humid forest.  Mts. of n,se Sulawesi.
Gymnophaps albertisii   PAPUAN MOUNTAIN-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts., usually 2000-3000 m, in n Moluccas on Bacan I., New Guinea incl. Yapen I., D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Goodenough I., and Bismarck Arch. on New Britain and New Ireland.
Gymnophaps mada   LONG-TAILED MOUNTAIN-PIGEON.  Forest.  Mts. of s Moluccas on Buru and Seram.

Gymnophaps solomonensis   PALE MOUNTAIN-PIGEON.  Forest.  Hills of Solomon Is.
Goura cristata   WESTERN CROWNED-PIGEON.  Forest, swamp.  Lowlands to 150 m in w Papuan Is. (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool) and nw New Guinea e to Etna Bay and Siriwo R.).  Hybridizes with G. victoria in northwestern New Guinea along the Siriwo river.
Goura victoria   VICTORIA CROWNED-PIGEON.  Forest.  Lowlands near sea level along n coast of New Guinea from Siriwo R. e to Astrolabe Bay and Collingwood Bay area; Biak and Yapen is. (possibly intro.).  See G. cristata.

Goura scheepmakeri   SOUTHERN CROWNED-PIGEON.  Dry and flooded forest.  Lowlands to 500 m of s,se New Guinea from Mimika R.e to Fly R. and from Hall Sound e to Orangerie Bay.
Didunculus strigirostris   TOOTH-BILLED PIGEON.  Woodland.  Mts. of w Samoan Is. on Savaii and Upolu.

 17