Maps of the birds of the Western Palearctic Region

Gulls

CHARADRIIFORMES

--Laridae

Larus armenicus
Lakes.
Armenia and adjacent e Turkey.
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Formerly included in L. cachinnans, but differs in plumage and soft part coloration.
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-armenicus L. armenicus (dell'Armenia)
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L. a. heuglini
N Russia and nw Siberia from Kanin Pen. e to w Taimyr Pen.
May be a separate species.
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L. a. vegae. N Siberia from e Taimyr Pen. e to Chukotski Pen., Anadyrland and Koryakland.
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Status of heuglini and vegae uncertain.

They interbreed with each other and with argentatus; they are sometimes considered conspecific as a single species (heuglini) separate from argentatus.
L. heuglini is also sometimes lumped with L. fuscus .
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The relationships among the members of the argentatus group are complex, unclear and controversial.

Classifications have varied from including all forms in a single species to treating almost every race as a separate species.
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Filchagov (1994. J. für Orn. 135:44) reported that gene exchange occurs between L. f. fuscus and L. heuglini or between hybrids similar to heuglini and Yellow-legged Gulls with light upperparts (supposedly L. cachinnans) in some colonies in the basin of the Middle and Upper Volga River.
L. f. fuscus, L. a. argentatus and L. a. heuglini are sympatric and reproductively isolated on and around the White Sea.
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Additional details in Filchagov, et al. 1992. Zool. Zhurnal 71:148-152.
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Larus glaucoides
Seacoasts, bays, lakes. Nests on cliffs.
Greenland and formerly Jan Mayen.
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L. g. kumlieni. Nw Quebec in Hudson Bay area and s Baffin Island.
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L. g. thayeri. From Banks, s Melville, Bathurst, Axel Heiberg and c Ellesmere islands s to s Victoria I., n Keewatin and n Southampton, Coats and nw Baffin Island.
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-glaucoides Gr. [glaucus] -oides (che assomiglia)
sinonimo di Larus glaucus già denominato Larus hyperboreus -

L. g. kumlieni. Nw Quebec in Hudson Bay area and s Baffin Island.
L. g. kumlieni is intermediate between glaucoides and thayeri; these
three form a continuum of breeding populations, although questions
remain.
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For example, kumlieni and thayeri may comprise a separate species more closely related to argentatus than to glaucoides.
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- kumlieni Thure Ludwig Theodor Kumlien (1819-1888)
-naturalista Svedese/Americano
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Larus armenicus

Armenian Gull

Localized

has bred: -

Larus heuglini

Heuglin's Gull

Common, Local

* Status of heuglini uncertain

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Larus glaucoides

Iceland Gull

Common

has bred: -

* L. g. kumlieni

vagrant ?

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Larus hyperboreus
Seacoasts, lakes.
From n Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear I. and Franz Josef Land e across n Russia and n Siberia incl. Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya and New Siberian Is. to Anadyrland. From w,n Alaska s to Hooper Bay, incl. St. Matthew, Hall and Prifilof is., e across Arctic coasts and islands to Banks, Prince Patrick, Ellef Ringnes and n Ellesmere is., and n Labrador, s to Southampton, Coats, Belcher and s Baffin islands.
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-

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- -hyperboreus Gr.huperboreus (che vive nell'artico)
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Larus marinus
Seacoasts, lakes.
From Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., Shetlands, Spitsbergen, Bear I., n Scandinavia and n Russia e to Kanin Pen., s to British Isles, nw France, n Denmark, n Germany and Estonia. Along Atlantic coast from w,n Quebec, n Labrador and Newfoundland s to St. Lawrence River, Anticosti I., and coastal N. Carolina; Lake Huron in s Ontario.
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-

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marinus L. mare, maris (marino)
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Rhodostethia rosea
Breeds on Arctic coasts, river deltas, swampy tundra.
Wc Greenland at Disko Bay, Franz Josef Land; s Taimyr Pen.; n Siberia from Khroma R. e to Kolyma R. and Chaun Bay. N N. America on Meighen and Devon islands; Churchill in ne Manitoba.
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-

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-Rhodostethia Gr. rhodon (color rosa) stethos (petto, torace)
-rosea L. roseus (colorata di rosa)
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Larus hyperboreus

Glaucous Gull

Common

Larus marinus

Great black-bached Gull

Common

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Rhodostethia rosea

Ross's Gull

Vagrant

*no map

Rissa tridactyla
Breeds on coastal cliffs.
From Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya and New Siberian, Bennet and Wrangel islands, s to British Isles, w,n Europe s to Portugal, coastal nw Russia on the Kola Pen., and s to Shantar Is., and islands off Sakhalin and Kuril and Commander is. Coast of w,s Alaska from Cape Lisburne s to Aleutian Is., and e to Glacier Bay and Dixon Harbor; from Banks, e Somerset, Prince Leopold, Bylot and Cobourg islands, s locally through n,c Baffin I., Labrador and Newfoundland to se Quebec.
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                         Rissa dall' islandico, rita (micino)
                               [per il caratteristico verso]
                        -tridactyla Gr. tridaktulos (tre dita)
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Pagophila eburnea
Associated with the Arctic ice pack, nesting on cliffs or rocky islets.
N Greenland, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, n Novaya Zemlya and Severnaya Zemlya. Arctic N. America on Prince Patrick, n Ellef Ringnes, Meighen, se Ellesmere and n Baffin I.
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-

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            -Pagophila Gr. pagos (ghiaccio) philos (amante)
                    -[ama nidificare fra il ghiaccio nell' Artico]
                 -eburnea L. eburneus (dal colore avorio)
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Rissa tridactyla

Black-legged Kittiwake

common, [migrant]

Pagophila eburnea

Ivory Gull

local, uncommon

Laridae

26 sp

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19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26

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2001 by Alberto Masi