Maps of the birds of the Western Palearctic Region

Gulls

CHARADRIIFORMES

---Laridae

Larus audouinii
Rocky and sandy seacoasts on islands.
Islands in the Mediterranean Sea off coasts of Spain, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Corsica and Sardinia, the Balearic Is., Cyclades, Aegean Sea and Cyprus.
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-audouinii, Jean Victoire Audouin (1797-1841)
entomologo francese, ornitologo e autore

Larus delawarensis
Seacoasts, bays, rivers, lakes, ponds, fields.
From s interior British Columbia, w,c Washington, ne Alberta, nw,c Saskatchewan and nc Manitoba s to c Calif., Nevada, sc Colorado, se Wyoming and ne S. Dakota; from nc Ontario, s Quebec, Prince Edward I., s Labrador and ne Newfoundland s to e Wisconsin, n Illinois, n Michigan, s Ontario, n Ohio, n New York, c New Hampshire and New Brunswick.
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-delawarensis, Delaware River, Pennsylvania USA
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Larus canus
Seacoasts, lakes, rivers, beaches, bays, mudflats.
The east Siberian race, kamtschatschensis, has been treated as a separate species but intergrades with canus in the Lena River region in western Siberia.
The American race, brachyrhynchus, is more distinctive, abruptly reversing a cline in size while accentuating a color saturation.
L. c. canus.
From Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles and Scandinavia e across n Russia s of open tundra to c Siberia e to Lena River, and n Europe s to n France, Switzerland, Austria and Poland to c Russia and se to n Kazakhstan and Kirghiz steppes, n Mongolia and s Siberia e to Lake Baikal and Transbaicalia.

L. c. kamtschatschensis.
Ne Siberia from Lena R. e to Anadyrland and Koryakland, s to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Kuril Is.
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altre foto
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-kamtschatschensis, Kamchatka

L. c. brachyrhynchus.
From w,c Alaska at Kotzebue Sound and Brooks Range, c Yukon, and nw,s Mackenzie s to s Alaska w to Alaska Pen., coastal British Columbia to Vancouver I., s Yukon, n Alberta, c Saskatchewan and ne Manitoba.
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- -brachyrhynchus Gr.brakhus (corto) rhumkhos (becco)

-L. c. canus
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- -canus L.cana, canus (incanutito, canescente)

Larus audouinii

Audouin's Gull

Uncommon, local

has bred:-Lebanon

Larus delawarensis

Ring-billed Gull

Vagrant

w.Europa-Spitsbergen-Morocco

Azores

* no map

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Larus canus

Mew Gull

Common

has bred: Czechoslovakia,

Hungary

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Larus fuscus
Seacoasts, bays, lakes, rivers.
Often considered related to, or conspecific with, argentatus, but they are widely sympatric with little interbreeding which usually occurs in areas where sex ratios are unbalanced.
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There is a pronounced north-south cline in the intensity of mantle color.

L. f. graellsi. Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles and w Europe from Iberian Pen. and France e to w Germany.
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- -graellsi, Mariano de la Paz Graells (1808-1898)
medico, botanico e cultore delle scienze naturali, spagnolo.

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L. f. fuscus. From n Scandinavia, n Russia and nw Siberia e to Taimyr Pen., and s to coasts of North and Baltic seas w to Denmark.
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     -fuscus L. fuscus, -a (epiteto ornitologico) per indicare un
      ampio spettro di colori dal nero, grigio, marrone a tutta la gamma
      delle tinte scure compreso l'ardesia .

Larus argentatus
Seacoasts, bays, lakes, rivers. Nests on flat areas.
L. a. argentatus
From Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles, Bear I., Scandinavia and n Europe
e across n Russia and nw Siberia to Kanin Pen. and from n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzie, c Keewatin, Southampton and w Baffin is., n Quebec and n Labrador s to sw,s,se Alaska, sc British Columbia, c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, e Wyoming (probably), s Manitoba, n Minnesota, n Wisconsin, ne Illinois, nw Indiana, c Michigan, n Ohio, n New York and Atlantic states s to ne S. Carolina; isolated breeding in s Texas and s Alabama.
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- - argentatus L.argentatus (ornamentato con argento)

L. a. heuglini.
N Russia and nw Siberia from Kanin Pen. e to w Taimyr Pen. May be
a separate species.
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-- heuglini Theodor von Heuglin (1824-1876)
esploratore, ornitologo, autore tedesco

L. a. vegae.
N Siberia from e Taimyr Pen. e to Chukotski Pen., Anadyrland and Koryakland.
Status of heuglini and vegae uncertain.
They interbreed with each other and with argentatus;
they are sometimes considered conspecific as a single species (heuglini) separate from argentatus.
L. heuglini is also sometimes lumped with L. fuscus.
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-vegae vascello Vega usato per le esplorazione artiche dallo svedese
Nils Adolf Erik baron Nordenskjold (1832-1901)

L. a. omissus.
E Baltic, Estonia, Finland and nw Russia.
The relationships among the members of the argentatus group are complex, unclear and controversial.
Classifications have varied from including all forms in a single species to treating almost every race as a separate species.
Filchagov (1994. J. für Orn. 135:44) reported that gene exchange occurs between L. f. fuscus and L. heuglini or between hybrids similar to heuglini and Yellow-legged Gulls with light upperparts (supposedly L. cachinnans) in some colonies in the basin of the Middle and Upper Volga River. L. f. fuscus, L. a. argentatus and L. a. heuglini are sympatric and reproductively isolated on and around the White Sea. Additional details in Filchagov, et al. 1992. Zool. Zhurnal 71:148-152.
Mierauskas, et al. (1994. J. für Orn. 135:47) reported on the Herring Gull populations in the Eastern Baltics. Morphometrics and vocalizations suggest that coastal yellow-legged gulls are closer to L. a. argentatus than to L. cachinnans.
Yellow-legged inland breeders sympatric with pink-legged forms differ from argentatus.
Partial interbreeding between these two forms make it difficult to recognize inland birds as a separate subspecies, omissus.
The coastal and inland forms differ in their origins and settlement in the Eastern Baltics. See Mierauskas et al. (1991. Acta Ornith. Lihanica 4:3-26).
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-omissus L. omittere (dimenticata, omessa)

Larus cachinnans
Seacoasts, bays, lakes, rivers.
L. c. cachinnans
Atlantic coast of w France and from s Europe and n Africa w to Morocco and Mauritania, e locally through Mediterranean region, Turkey, nw Iran and the Black Sea and Caspian Sea region to Aral Sea, Kazakhstan, Turkestan, Altai, to sw Siberia to Lake Baikal region and Transbaicalia, n Mongolia and nw,ne China in nw Sinking and w Heilungkiang.
Often considered conspecific with argentatus, but cachinnans differs in soft part colors, vocalizations and displays; there is a 250 km overlap in their breeding ranges along the coast of France and they have been reported to breed sympatrically.
Relationships of cachinnans may be with L. fuscus rather than with argentatus and atlantis may be a separate species; the relationships of the Iberian Pen. populations are uncertain, but tentatively assigned to atlantis - which may be a separate species.
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-cachinnans L.cachinnans (sghignazzante)
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L. c. atlantis.
E Atlantic islands on the Azores, Madeira, Canary and possibly Cape Verde islands; perhaps also the Iberian Peninsula.
May be a separate species.
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