Megatriorchis doriae  DORIA'S GOSHAWK.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands to 1400 m of New Guinea region in w Papuan is. (Batanta) and New Guinea.
Urotriorchis macrourus  LONG-TAILED HAWK.  Humid forest.  W,c Africa from Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Nigeria to s Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Cabinda and s C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, w Uganda and s to sw,sc,ce Zaire.
Butastur rufipennis  GRASSHOPPER BUZZARD.  Savanna, grassland.  Sw Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Cameroon, s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia, cn,ne Zaire, Uganda, Kenya and c,ne Tanzania.
Butastur teesa  WHITE-EYED BUZZARD.  Open woodland, plains, farms.  Lowlands to 1200 m of s Asia in se Iran, Afghanistan (probably), Pakistan, India, s Tibet and Burma (except ne,e).

Butastur liventer  RUFOUS-WINGED BUZZARD.  Savanna, open woodland, farmlands.  Lowlands to 1500 m of se Asia in sw China (sw Yunnan), Burma, c,nw,ne Thailand, Cambodia, s,c Laos, s Vietnam (s Annam, Cochinchina), Java, Sulawesi and (possibly) se Borneo and Timor.
Butastur indicus  GREY-FACED BUZZARD.  Woodland, coniferous forest.  E Asia in se Siberia (w Amurland, Ussuriland), ne China (from Heilungkiang to se Liaoning and Hopeh), Japan (from c Honshu s to Shikoku) and Izu Is.  Winters from se Asia, se China and Korea s to E. Indies and New Guinea.
Geranospiza caerulescens  CRANE HAWK.  Humid forest, riparian woodland, swamps, edges of marshes.  The three subspecies groups sometimes are treated as species, but nigra and caerulescens, at least, intergrade extensively.

G. c. nigra.  Lowlands of Middle and nw S. America from Sonora and Tamaulipas s along both slopes to Panama, w Colombia, w Ecuador and nw Peru (Tumbes, Lambayeque).
 G. c. caerulescens.  Lowlands to 500 m of n,wc S. America from n,e Colombia (from Cauca V. and Magdalena V. e to w Guajira, and e of Andes), Venezuela and Guianas s, e of Andes, to e Ecuador, e Peru (loreto, Madre de Dios) and Amazonian Brazil.
 G. c. gracilis.  Sc,e S. America in n,e,se Bolivia (Pando, Beni, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija), sc,e Brazil (from Mato Grosso, Goiás, Maranhão, Paraíba and Bahia s to s Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro), Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina (s to La Rioja, Córdoba and n Buenos Aires).

Leucopternis plumbea  PLUMBEOUS HAWK.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 800 m from Panama (Caribbean slope w to Veraguas; Darién) and w Colombia (Pacific slope, incl. upper Sinú V.) s to nw Peru (Tumbes).
Leucopternis schistacea  SLATE-COLORED HAWK.  Forested streams, swamps.  Lowlands to 500 m of wc S. America e of Andes in e Colombia (Meta, Orinoco R.), s Venezuela (w Amazonas), e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz) and Amazonian Brazil (s of Amazon e to s Amapá and Pará).
Leucopternis princeps  BARRED HAWK.  Humid forest.  Locally in foothills and mts. to 3000 m (mostly above 800 m) in c Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (Pacific slope; Magdalena V. in Santander and Huila) and n Ecuador (both w,e of Andes).

Leucopternis melanops  BLACK-FACED HAWK.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1000 m of S. America e of Andes in se Colombia (w Putumayo, w Caquetá), s Venezuela (Bolívar), ne Ecuador, and n Brazil (s to Amazon, e to Pará; R. Tapajos).
Leucopternis kuhli  WHITE-BROWED HAWK.  Forest.  Lowlands of wc S. America in e Peru (from c Loreto s to Madre de Dios), n Bolivia (Pando) and Amazonian Brazil (s of Amazon from R. Madeira e to e Pará).
Leucopternis lacernulata  WHITE-NECKED HAWK.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands of se Brazil (Alagoas, s Bahia, e Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina).

Leucopternis semiplumbea  SEMIPLUMBEOUS HAWK.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 1000 m of s C. and nw S. America in ne Honduras (Gracias a Dios), Costa Rica, Panama, w,nc Colombia (Pacific slope e to middle Magdalena V. in Santander) and nw Ecuador (to Esmeraldas).
Leucopternis albicollis  WHITE HAWK.  Humid forest, edge, open woodland.  Lowlands to 1500 m of Neotropical from n Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco and Chiapas) s mostly on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and from nw,nc,e Colombia (Pacific coast s to Valle; upper Sinú V. and lower Magdalena V.; e of Andes n to Boyacá and Casanare), Venezuela (from Carabobo to Sucre; nw Zulia; Táchira; n Amazonas, Bolívar), Trinidad and Guianas s, e of Andes, to e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz) and Amazonian Brazil (s to c Mato Grosso and n Maranhão).

Leucopternis occidentalis  GREY-BACKED HAWK.  Forest, edge.  Mts. of w Ecuador from Pichincha s to Peruvian border.  Formerly treated as a race of L. albicollis.
Leucopternis polionota  MANTLED HAWK.  Forest.  Lowlands of se S. America in e,se Brazil (from Alagoas and Bahia s to São Paulo and Santa Caterina), e Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones).
Buteogallus aequinoctialis  RUFOUS CRAB-HAWK.  Mangroves, swamps, wet savanna.  Coast of n,e S. America from ne Venezuela (Delta Amacuro) e,s to s Brazil (to Paraná.
Buteogallus anthracinus  COMMON BLACK-HAWK.  Forest, swamps, mangroves, savannas, open woodland.  The Cuban race (gundlachii) may be a separate species or a race of B. subtilis.

B. a. anthracinus.  Sw U.S., Middle and n S. America from c Arizona, sw Utah, s New Mexico and w,s Texas s (incl. Cozumel and Cancun is. off Yucatán Pen., and Utila and Guanaja is. in Bay Is. off Honduras) to Panama, n,e Colombia (from Gulf of Urabá e to Guajira and s to n Huila; e of Andes from Santander to Meta), coastal n Venezuela, Trinidad and Guyana; sc Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent).
 B. a. gundlachii.  Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

Buteogallus subtilis  MANGROVE BLACK-HAWK.  Mangroves.  Pacific coast of Middle and nw S. America from Chiapas and (possibly) Guerrero s to Panama, w Colombia (incl. Gorgona I.), w Ecuador and extreme nw Peru (Tumbes).  Sometimes treated as a race of B. anthracinus, but they seem not to interbreed where the are in contact.
Buteogallus urubitinga  GREAT BLACK-HAWK.  Humid forest, scrub, open woodland, especially near water.  Lowlands to 1000 m from c Sonora and s Tamaulipas s through Mexico and C. America to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes to e Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina (Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires).

Buteogallus meridionalis  SAVANNA HAWK.  Moist savanna, marshes, swamps.  Lowlands (mostly below 1000 m) of s C. and S. America in Panama (w to Chiriquí), and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru and e of Andes to e Peru, n,e,se Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina) to Tucumán, Córdoba and Santa Fe.
Parabuteo unicinctus  HARRIS'S HAWK.  Savanna, open woodland, semi-desert, especially near water.  Locally in lowlands to 1500 m from n Baja Calif., se Calif., s Arizona, s New Mexico and c Texas s (except Belize and Honduras) to Panama, and from w,n Colombia (Cauca V.; Patia V.; from Atlántico e to Guajira Pen., Santander and Norte de Santander), n,se Venezuela (Falcón, Aragua, Guárico, Anzoátegui, Monagas, Sucre, n Bolívar) and Surinam s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and w Peru, and e of Andes through e Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and e,s Brazil (from Maranhão and Ceará to Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul) to Uruguay, c Chile (from Aisén to Magallanes) and n Argentina (s to La Pampa and Buenos Aires).

Busarellus nigricollis  BLACK-COLLARED HAWK.  Marshes, wet savanna, flooded fields, mangroves.  Lowlands to 500 m from Sinaloa and Veracruz s to Panama, and from Colombia (except Pacific slope s of R. Atrato), n,e Venezuela (n of Orinoco; n Bolívar, Delta Amacuro), Trinidad and Guianas s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), Brazil (s to São Paulo) and Paraguay to n Argentina (from Jujuy and Salta e to n Santa Fe and Corrientes).  Affinities uncertain; may be related to the Milvus-Haliaeetus complex.
Geranoaetus melanoleucus  BLACK-CHESTED BUZZARD-EAGLE.  Grassland, savanna.  Mts., mostly 1500-4500 m, of w,sc,s S. America from Colombia (C. Andes from Cauca to Nariño; E. Andes s to Cundinamarca) and Venezuela (Andes of Mérida) s through Andes of Ecuador, Peru (incl. coastal regions) and c,e,se Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Oruro, Chuquisaca) to Chile (from Aconcagua to Llanquihue) and w Argentina (to Tierra del Fuego), and e across n Argentina (Tucumán, Córdoba, Santa Fe) and Paraguay to e,se Brazil (from Piauí, Minas Gerais, Bahia and Paraíba to Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay.

Harpyhaliaetus solitarius  SOLITARY EAGLE.  Humid forest, pines.  Locally in highlands to 2200 m in se Sonora, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, Belize (?), Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama, n,e Colombia (Santa Marta Mts., Sierra de Perijá, Antioquia, Cauca, Caquetá), n Venezuela (Carabobo, Aragua), e Ecuador, e,c Peru, n,c Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Cochabamba, w Santa Cruz) and nw Argentina (Salta).  May be conspecific with H. coronatus.
Harpyhaliaetus coronatus  CROWNED EAGLE.  Open country, savanna.  Lowlands of sc S. America in e Bolivia (locality uncertain), Paraguay, s Brazil (from Mato Grosso and Goiás s to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay (probably) and n,c Argentina (s to Río Negro).

Asturina plagiata  GREY HAWK.  Open woodland, farmlands, forest edge, riparian woodland, savanna.  Lowlands of Middle America from s Arizona, Sonora, Jalisco, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas and s Texas s to nw Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya region).  Usually considered conspecific with A. nitida, but plagiata appears to be a distinct species.
Asturina nitida  GREY-LINED HAWK.  Open woodland, farmlands, forest edge, riparian woodland, savanna.  Lowlands to 1000 m in Costa Rica (except nw), Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (s to Mato Grosso, Goiás and Rio de Janeiro) to n Argentina (Tucumán, e Chaco).
Buteo magnirostris  ROADSIDE HAWK.  Open woodland, second growth, savanna, forest edge, pastures.  Lowlands and mts. to 2500 m from Jalisco, s Nuevo León and s Tamaulipas s (incl. Cozumel and Holbox is. off Yucatán Pen., and Bay Is. off Honduras) to Panama (incl. Coiba, Pearl and small is. off Pacific coast), and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil (except parts of w Amazonia) to Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina (to La Rioja, Córdoba, Santa Fe and n Buenos Aires).  See Asturina nitida.

Buteo lineatus  RED-SHOULDERED HAWK.  Forest, edge, open woodland, swamps.  W N. America from n Calif. s (w of Sierra Nevada) to n Baja Calif.; c,e N. America from e Nebraska, Iowa, c Minnesota, n Wisconsin, n Michigan, s Ontario, sw Quebec and s New Brunswick s to Veracruz, Tamaulipas, c,s Texas, Gulf coast and Florida (incl. Florida Keys); locally V. of Mexico (Zacatecas, Distrito Federal).  Northernmost populations generally winter to south.
Buteo ridgwayi  RIDGWAY'S HAWK.  Forest edge, open woodland. Hispaniola (incl. Beata, Gonâve, Î.-á-Vache, and other small is.).
Buteo platypterus  BROAD-WINGED HAWK.  Forest, open woodland.  E N. America in c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, and from c Manitoba e across s Canada to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and s to e Colorado, e Texas, Gulf coast and Florida; Antilles on Cuba; Puerto Rico; from Antigua s to Grenada and Tobago.  Winters in C. America, s Florida, Antilles, and S. America s to Bolivia and s Brazil.

Buteo leucorrhous  WHITE-RUMPED HAWK.  Broken forest.  Mts., 1700-3000 m (to lower elevations in s), of n,w,sc,se S. America from Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá; W. Andes in Cauca; C. Andes n to Caldas; E. Andes) and mts. of w,n Venezuela (w Zulia; Mérida, Trujillo; Distrito Federal) s through w,e Ecuador and nw,e Peru (s to Lambayeque on Pacific slope; e slope throughout) to wc Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba), Paraguay, n Argentina (Salta, Tucumán, e Chaco, Misiones) and s Brazil (n to Minas Gerais).
Buteo brachyurus  SHORT-TAILED HAWK.  Swamps, pine-oak, woodland, forest edge, open woodland.  Locally in lowlands and mts. to 2500 m of peninsular Florida; from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas s (incl. Cozumel I. off Quintana Roo) to Panama, and from Colombia (w of Andes; Cauca V.; Meta), Venezuela (w Zulia; Lara, Trujillo, Mérida; Carabobo; nw Amazonas; c Bolívar; Chacachacare and Patos is.), Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru (Huánuco, Junín, Cuzco), n,e Bolivia (Pando, La Paz, Santa Cruz) and Brazil to Paraguay and n Argentina (Jujuy, Tucumán, Misiones).

Buteo albigula  WHITE-THROATED HAWK.  Forest.  Mts., 1700-3500 m, of w S. America from Colombia (W. Andes in Cauca, C. Andes from Quindío to Cauca) and w,se Venezuela (Andes; ne Bolívar) s through Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia to Chile (s to Valdivia) and w Argentina (Salta, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut).  Often included in B. brachyurus, but albigula appears to be an altitudinal allospecies with brachyurus.
Buteo swainsoni  SWAINSON'S HAWK.  Savanna, open pine-oak woodland, farmlands, grasslands.  W Nearctica in ec Alaska, Yukon and Mackenzie, and from c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, c Manitoba, w,s Minnesota and w Illinois s to s Calif., Baja Calif. (formerly), Sonora, Durango, Chihuahua, c,s Texas, c Arkansas and w Missouri.  Winters in s C. and S. America (s to Argentina).

Buteo galapagoensis  GALAPAGOS HAWK.  Scrub, semi-desert, lava flows.  Galapagos Is.
Buteo albicaudatus  WHITE-TAILED HAWK.  Open country, savanna, prairie, semi-desert.  Lowlands and foothills to 2000 m from Sonora (formerly s Arizona), Durango, Zacatecas and c,se Texas s to Panama (incl. I. Taboga), w,n,e Colombia, Venezuela (incl. Netherlands Antilles e to Margarita I. and Trinidad), Guianas and n Brazil (n of Amazon from R. Branco e to I. Marajó); sc S. America in extreme se Peru (Pampas de Heath), n,e,se Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija), Paraguay, se Brazil (n to Mato Grosso, Goiás and Bahia), Uruguay and n,c Argentina (s to Río Negro).
Buteo polyosoma  RED-BACKED HAWK.  Open country.

B. polyosoma and albicaudatus are closely related but largely separate altitudinally, with marginal overlap in Colombia and Argentina.  The two following races are sometimes treated as separate species.
 B. p. polyosoma.  Lowlands and mts. (mostly 1800-3500 m in n) of w,s S. America from Colombia (C. Andes n to Quindío, probably only migrant from s) s through Pacific lowlands and Andes of Ecuador and Peru to c,s Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Oruro, Tarija), Chile (to Cape Horn) and Argentina (to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.). Ranges to Uruguay and s Brazil.  See B. poecilochrous.
 B. p. exsul.  W Juan Fernández Is. on Más Afuera.

Buteo poecilochrous  PUNA HAWK.  Cliffs, wooded valleys.  High Andes (mostly 3000-5000 m) of w S. America from s Colombia (Valle and Cauca, probably only a migrant from s) s through Ecuador, Peru and c,sw Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí) to Chile (Tarapacá) and n Argentian (Jujuy).  Relationships to B. polyosoma unclear; sometimes considered a morph of that species, but here treated as a distinct species.
Buteo albonotatus  ZONE-TAILED HAWK.  Arid semi-open country, pine-oak, riparian woodland, scrub, humid forest.  Locally in lowlands to 500 m from s Calif., n Baja Calif., c Arizona, s New Mexico and w Texas s (not recorded Belize) to Panama (incl. Pearl Is.); e Colombia (from Santa Marta region s to Magdalena; e of Andes in Meta, Caquetá and Amazonas), n,se Venezuela (from Zulia to Anzoátegui; ne Bolívar), Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, e Brazil (I. Marajó, Ceará, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Paraná), Paraguay and n,e Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz); w Ecuador, cw Peru (near Lima).  Northernmost populations winter to the south.

Buteo solitarius  HAWAIIAN HAWK.  Open forest.  E Hawaiian Is. on Hawaii, ranging uncommonly to Kauai, Oahu and Maui.
Buteo jamaicensis  RED-TAILED HAWK.  Woodland, fields, deserts, mts.  N. America from w,c Alaska, c Yukon, w Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across c,se Canada to New Brunswick, Prince Edward I. and Nova Scotia, and s to se Alaska, Baja Calif., Sonora, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, s Texas, Gulf coast and Florida, highlands of Middle America from Mexico (incl. Tres Marías Is., Socorro I. in Revillagigedo Is.) and C. America to w Panama (e to Canal Zone); W. Indies in n Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Abaco, Andros), Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles (s to Nevis).  Winters from s Canada s through Middle America and W. Indies to Panama and Lesser Antilles (to Nevis).  Includes B. harlani, a variable population in Alaska and western Canada formerly regarded as a distinct species.

Buteo ventralis  RUFOUS-TAILED HAWK.  Forest, especially Nothofagus.  S S. America in s Chile (from Ñuble to Magallanes) and s Argentina (from Río Negro s to Straits of Magellan).

Buteo buteo  COMMON BUZZARD.  Woodland, forest, moors, heath, towns, farmlands.
There is extensive hybridization among the following forms where their ranges meet.
 B. b. buteo.  W Palearctic from British Isles, Norway and c,s Sweden s to Azores and Cape Verde Is., nw Africa (Morocco), n Mediterranean region (incl. Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and Crete), Turkey and Romania.  Breeding recorded for Socotra Island (Siegfried and Frost. 1973. Ardea 61:123-127).
 B. b. vulpinus.  Nw,c Eurasia from n Sweden e across nw,c Russia to w,sw Siberia (Yenisei R., Altai, Tuva), and s to s Russia (n Caucasus, s Urals) and s S.S.R. (n,c Kirghiz steppes).
 B. b. menetriesi.  Mts. of sc Eurasia from s Crimea and Caucasus e to w Trancaucasus and n Iran.
 B. b. japonicus.  E,ec Asia in c,s Siberia (from Yenisei R. e across Yakutia to Sea of Okhotsk, and Mongolia, s Tibet, n,c China (from Kansu, Tsinghai and Hopeh s to w Szechwan), Japan (to Shikoku), and Izu, Daito and Bonin is., possibly Himalayas of n Pakistan and nw India (Kashmir).

Winters (buteo) s to w,nw Africa; (vulpinus) from s Europe s to s Africa and e to n India; (japonicus) from China and Japan s to Sri Lanka, Malaya and Taiwan.

Buteo trizonatus  FOREST BUZZARD. Forest.  Locally in mts. of e Africa in se Sudan, w,c Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, e Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania and Malawi.  Has been considered conspecific with B. oreophilus, but they differ in ventral plumage color and are widely allopatric.  The South African and East African List Committees consider them to be separate species (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).
Buteo oreophilus  MOUNTAIN BUZZARD.  Montane forest.  Scattered allopatric populations in the mountains of ne, e Africa in s Sudan and s Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, e Zaire, ne,sc Tanzania, Malawi and South Africa in n,e Transvaal, Natal and s,sw Cape Province to George and Knysna.  The South African population (trizonatus) may be a separate species, but Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 327) treat it as a race of B. oreophilus.

Buteo brachypterus  MADAGASCAR BUZZARD.  Rain forest, woodland, savanna, brushy areas.  Lowlands to 1800 m of Madagascar.  Berkeleman (1995. Condor 97:273-275) found 10 nests in tree forks or hanging epiphytes in tall trees isolated from other trees, described details and concluded that this species is not highly vulnerable to the effects of forest fragmentation.
Buteo rufinus  LONG-LEGGED BUZZARD.  The name Falco ferox has been misapplied to this species.  Arid plains, dry steppe, semi-desert.

Locally in s,sc Palearctic in n Africa from Morocco s to c Mauritania and Spanish Sahara and e to n Sudan, Egypt, incl. Sinai Pen.), Arabia (Yemen), and from Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey and Near East e through se Russia (e of Volga R.), n to Kazakhstan, Turkestan, Kirghiz steppes and Middle East to sw Siberia (Altai), nw Mongolia, nw China (w Sinkiang), n Pakistan (s to Baluchistan) and n India (Kashmir, Garhwal).  Winters from ne (rarely to s) Africa e through s Eurasia to n India and s Tibet.

Buteo hemilasius  UPLAND BUZZARD.  Steppe, rocky mountainous areas.  E Asia in sw Siberia (Altai, Tuva, s Transbaicalia), Mongolia, n,c China (from e Tsinghai and se Kansu e through Inner Mongolia to Hopeh and Heilungkiang) and se Tibet.  Winters to Korea, s China and n India.
Buteo regalis  FERRUGINOUS HAWK.  Plains, prairie, semi-desert.  W N. America from e Washington, s Alberta, s Saskatchewan and sw Manitoba s to e Oregon, ne California, Nevada, n,se Arizona, n,sw New Mexico, nc Texas, w Oklahoma and w Kansas.  Winters s to n Mexico.
Buteo lagopus  ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.  Tundra, moors, grasslands, open coniferous forest, in winter open country and farmlands.  N Eurasia from n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Chukotski Pen., and s in e Siberia to Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka Pen.; n N. America from w,n Alaska (s to Kodiak I., and Umnak in e Aleutians), n Yukon, Canadian Arctic is. (n to Banks, Prince Patrick, Victoria, Bylot and sw Baffin is.) and n Labrador s to n,se Mackenzie, n Manitoba, n Ontario, n Quebec and Newfoundland.  Winters from British Isles, n Europe, c Russia, s Siberia, sc Alaska and s Canada s to s Europe, s Russia, n China, Japan and s U.S.

Buteo auguralis  RED-NECKED BUZZARD.  Forest edge, montane savanna.  N,wc Africa from sw Mauritania, Senegambia, sw Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, C. Afr. Rep., L. Chad area and se Chad, s Sudan and w,c Ethiopia, and s to c Angola, sw,cn,ne Zaire and nw Uganda. Winters n to Sahel region.

 The taxonomic relationships among the following three "species" of Buteo are unclear and controversial.  Brown, et al. (1982. Birds of Africa, vol. 1) included augur and archeri as subspecies of rufofuscus.  Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) recognize rufofuscus and augur as separate species with archeri treated as a subspecies of B. augur.  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 327) provided additional information, noted the uncertainties, and concluded that archeri "... is best treated as a race of B. augur.  By listing the three taxa as "species" the questions remain open.

Buteo augur  AUGUR BUZZARD.  Savanna, open country.  Highlands of e,ne,se Africa from ne,e,se  Sudan and n,nw Ethiopia, Djibouti and Eritrea, s through e Sudan and w,c Ethiopia, ne Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, nc,sw Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, nw Mozambique, ne Botswana and Zimbabwe; an isolated population in the highlands of cw Angola and a population in nw Namibia that may overlap with rufofuscus (as on map, p. 401 in Birds of Africa, vol. 1; and maps 152, 153 in Sinclair, et al. 1993. Birds of Southern Africa, New Holland, Publ. ).
Buteo archeri  ARCHER'S BUZZARD.  Open country.  Highlands of n Somalia in the Horn of Africa.
Buteo rufofuscus  JACKAL BUZZARD.  Mts. and adjacent grassland, open country.  Southern Africa in s,c,nw Namibia, extreme sw Botswana, extreme sw Mozambique and most of S. Africa s of the Limpopo River.  See B. augur.

Morphnus guianensis  CRESTED EAGLE.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands to 1600 m of e Guatemala (Petén), n Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama, and from n,e Colombia (on Pacific slope s only to Serranía de Baudó and upper Sinú V.), n Venezuela (Zulia; Aragua) and Guianas s, primarily e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, e Bolivia (Santa Cruz) and Brazil to Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones).
Harpia harpyja  HARPY EAGLE.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands to 2000 m from s Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Chiapas) s (except El Salvador) to Panama, and from n,e Colombia (n,c Chocó, Magdalena V., and e of Andes n to Meta and Vaupés), Venezuela and Guianas s, primarily e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, c,e Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz) and n,e,se Brazil (n of Amazon in r Branco region, and s of Amazon from Pará e,s to Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul) to Paraguay and n Argentina (Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, Formosa, Misiones).

Harpyopsis novaeguineae  NEW GUINEA EAGLE.  Forest.  Lowlands and mts. to 3200 m of New Guinea.
Pithecophaga jefferyi  GREAT PHILIPPINE EAGLE.  Forest.  Locally in Philippine Is. on Luzon, Samar, Mindanao, probably Leyte.
Ictinaetus malayensis  BLACK EAGLE.  Forest, woodland.  Lowlands to 2700 m of s Asia and Indonesia from n Pakistan, India (from Himalayan foothills s to W., E. Ghats, Orissa and W. Bengal, Sri Lanka, and se Asia s to Greater Sunda is. and Moluccas (Halmahera, Ternate, Buru, Ceram, and Sula Is.).  Ranges (possibly breeding) to s China.
Aquila pomarina  LESSER SPOTTED EAGLE.  Forest, woodland, forest steppe.  Locally e Europe from E. Germany, Gulf of Finland, and w Russia s to Balkans, Greece,Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasus and n Iran; locally India (from Ganges Plain e to Bangladesh, Assam and Manipur, and s to Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, formerly farther s).  Winters from se Europe and Asia Minor s to s Africa, and from India e to Burma.

Aquila clanga  GREATER SPOTTED EAGLE.  Open forest, forest edge, swamps, steppe, savanna.  C Eurasia from Sweden (rarely), Poland and Finland e across nw,c Russia and s Siberia (n to L. Baikal and Transbaicalia) to w Amurland, Ussuriland and (possibly) Sakhalin, and s to Romania, sw,sc Russia, to n Ukraine and s Urals, w Siberia (upper Ob and upper Yenisei R.), nw China (w Sinkiang), Mongolia and Manchuria (Heilungkiang, Kirin and Liaoning, possibly Hopeh); s Asia in Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab) and n India from Ganges Plain e through Nepal, Bihar and W. Bengal to Bangladesh, Assam and Manipur.  Winters s to s Europe, n Africa, and s Asia e to s China and se Asia.

Aquila rapax  TAWNY EAGLE.  Desert, savanna, bushveld.

A. r. rapax.  Locally in African region in Morocco, n Algeria, and locally from sw Mauritania, Senegambia e through s Mali, Burkina Faso, c,s Niger, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and s Arabia, and s (exc. forested w,c) in Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe to c S. Africa.
 A. r. vindhiana.  Locally in s Asia in se Iran, Pakistan and India (exc. Assam); Sri Lanka.  Sometimes treated as a separate species.

Aquila nipalensis  STEPPE EAGLE.  Steppe.

A. n. orientalis.  Locally in wc Eurasia from Romania e to sw,sc Russia from Ukraine e to upper Irtysh River and s to the Caucasus, Caspian-Aral seas and Kirghiz steppes.  Winters to e,s Africa.
 A. n. nipalensis.  C Asia in the Altai Mts. of ce Russia and w Mongolia, Mongolia, w China in Sinkiang and sw Siberia in sw Transbaicalia.

Aquila adalberti  ADALBERT'S EAGLE.  Plains.  Locally in sw Europe on Iberian Pen. (Portugal, sw Spain).  Species status unclear; often treated as a race of A. heliaca.
Aquila heliaca  IMPERIAL EAGLE.  Open forest, edge, plains, grasslands, towns, steppes, marshes.  Locally in sc Eurasia from e Czechoslovakia, Hungary, n Greece and Turkey (incl. Cyprus) e across c,s Russia, (absent from Transcaspia and Tazdhikistan) and n Iran to sw Siberia to L. Baikal and c Transbaicalia and w China (w Sinkiang).  Winters s to ne Africa, Persian Gulf, India, n Indochina and se China.
Aquila gurneyi  GURNEY'S EAGLE.  Forest, seacoasts.  Lowlands to 1600 m in the Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera, Ternate, Bacan, Ambon), Aru and w Papuan is. (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool), New Guinea and D'Entrecasteaux Arch. (Goodenough).

Aquila chrysaetos  GOLDEN EAGLE.  Open country, prairie, tundra, moors, open coniferous forest, cliffs.  Locally in Palearctic from British Isles and n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Anadyrland and Kamchatka Pen., and s to nw Africa (from Mauritania and Morocco e toTunisia and ne Libya), n Mediterranean region (incl. Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Crete), Turkey, Near East (s to Sinai Pen.), Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan (Baluchistan, Himalayas), n India (Himalayas, 1800-5500 m, from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh and n Assam), China, Korea and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Nearctic from w,n Alaska, Yukon, w,s Mackenzie, nw Manitoba, n Ontario and n Quebec to Labrador, and s to s Alaska (w to Unalaska in Aleutians), n Baja Calif., highlands of n Mexico (Durango, Guanajuato, Nuevo León), w,c Texas, w Oklahoma, w Kansas, New York and New England; probably Appalachian Mts. s to e Tennessee and w N. Carolina.  Winters in N. America from sc Alaska and s Canada s to c Mexico and se U.S.; northernmost populations in Eurasia winter s to n Africa.

Aquila audax  WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE.  Forest, savanna, plains, desert. Lowlands of s New Guinea from Digul R. e to Fly R., and Australia incl. Tasmania.
Aquila verreauxii  VERREAUX'S EAGLE.  Mts., desert, scrub, savanna, breeding in rocks.  Locally in Israel, s Arabia, ne Egypt (Sinai Pen.), and from Niger, e Chad, se Egypt, c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and n Somalia s through e,s Africa in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, se Zaire, Zambia, s Angola, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe to s S. Africa.
Aquila wahlbergi  WAHLBERG'S EAGLE.  Savanna, open country.  Locally from Senegambia, Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea and n Somalia, and s (except forested regions) to Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana and n S. Africa in n Cape Prov., Transvaal, Swaziland, Orange Free State and n Natal.

Hieraaetus fasciatus  BONELLI'S EAGLE.  Forest, bush, savanna.  Locally in s Palearctic and s Asia from Morocco to Tunisia and ne Libya, Djibouti, s Europe (Iberian Pen., s France, Greece, probably Albania) and Mediterranean is. (Balearic, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete) e across Turkey, Jordan, Arabia (incl. Yemen), Middle East and extreme s Transcaspia and Turkestan to Pakistan, India (to 2400 m), s China (from Yunnan, Kwangsi and Kwangtung n to Yangtze R.), c,e Burma, nw Thailand and n Laos; Lesser Sunda Is. (Sumbawa, Timor, Wetar, Luang).
Hieraaetus spilogaster  AFRICAN HAWK-EAGLE.  Woodland, savanna, steppe.  Locally in w Africa in Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Burkino Faso, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad; e,s Africa from c Angola, sc,se,ce,ne Zaire, c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia s (exc. forested w,c) to Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, sc Namibia, s Botswana, Zimbabwe and e,s S. Africa in n Cape Prov., Transvaal, Swaziland and Natal.  Has been considered conspecific with H. fasciatus.

Hieraaetus pennatus  BOOTED EAGLE.  Forest, edge, plains, semi-desert.  Locally in s,ec Palearctic from Morocco to Tunisia and s Europe (Iberian Pen., France, Balearic Is., s Czechoslovakia, Romania, Balkan states, Greece) e through Turkey, cw,s Russia from Moscow area and Ukraine s to Transcaucasus, Transcaspia, Turkestan, n Iran and n Afghanistan to s Siberia (from Altai e to Transbaicalia), Mongolia, w China (w Sinkiang), s Tibet and nw India (Himalayas) probably Manchuria (recorded in summer in Heilungkiang, Kirin and Liaoning).  A small number breed in s S. Africa in w,s Cape Prov. and Namibia and perhaps in Botswana (unconfirmed).  Winters in subSaharan Africa (except forested w,c and coastal Namibia) and s Asia e to se Asia.
Hieraaetus morphnoides  LITTLE EAGLE.  Plains, open woodland, scrub, usually near water.  Lowlands to 1950 m of c,e New Guinea (absent Vogelkop), and Australia.

Hieraaetus ayresii  AYRES'S HAWK-EAGLE.  Forest, woodland, savanna.  Locally in Africa in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, se Chad, cn,ne Zaire, Uganda, Ethiopia, s Somalia, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, s to c Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, ne Namibia, n,e Botswana, Zimbabwe and e S. Africa in Transvaal and Natal.  Definite breeding records only from Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kenya, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Brooke and Vernon (1981. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. 13:133-137) supported the name ayresii rather than dubius for this species and are followed by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 327).

Hieraaetus kienerii  RUFOUS-BELLIED EAGLE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1500 m of s Asia and Malay Arch. in sw,ne India (W. Ghats from c Goa and n Mysore s to Kerala, and in e Himalayas from Nepal and Sikkim e to Assam and Manipur; Sri Lanka; s Burma, nw,sw, pen. Thailand, s Vietnam (s Annam), se China (Hainan), Greater Sunda Is., Lesser Sunda Is. (Bali and Sumbawa, possibly only migrants) and n,c Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Marinduque, Tablas, Sibuyan, Samar, Palawan, Panay, Negros).
Polemaetus bellicosus  MARTIAL EAGLE.  Savanna, thornbush.  Africa in sw Mauritana, sw Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Niger, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia, and s (except forested w,c) in Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and s S. Africa.

Spizastur melanoleucus  BLACK-AND-WHITE HAWK-EAGLE.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands (ranges to 3000 m) from Nayarit, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Chiapas and Yucatán Pen. s (except El Salvador) to Panama, and from Colombia, n,s Venezuela (Aragua, Distrito Federal, Miranda, w Amazonas, se Bolívar) and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through n,e Brazil (R. Branco region n of Amazon, and s of Amazon from Pará e,s to Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul), ne Peru (Loreto) and n,e Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz) and Paraguay to n Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Formosa, Misiones).
Lophaetus occipitalis  LONG-CRESTED EAGLE.  Savanna, fields, usually near water.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, s Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Zaire, s to s Angola, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, ne Namibia, n,e Botswana, Zimbabwe and S. Africa in Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal and e Cape Prov.

Spizaetus africanus  CASSIN'S HAWK-EAGLE.  Humid forest.  W,c Africa in se Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, s Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, s C. African Rep. to n,ne Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi and w Uganda, and s to nw Angola and sc,ce Zaire.

Spizaetus cirrhatus  CHANGEABLE HAWK-EAGLE.  Forest, woodland, savanna, farmlands, around towns.  S. c. limnaeetus and floris may be a separate species and so proposed by B. King (pers. comm.).

S. c. limnaeetus.  Lowlands to 2100 m in s Asia and Malay Arch. from Himalayan foothills of n India (from Garhwal to Assam, and s to range of cirrhatus) e to se Asia (except n,c Vietnam) and s to Andaman Is., Sumatra (incl. Simeulue, Mentawai Is., Riau Arch., Bangka, and Belitung), Borneo, Java and c,s Philippines (Lubang, Mindoro, Calamian Is., Palawan, Mindanao).
 S. c. floris.  Lesser Sunda Islands of Sumbawa, Flores and Paloe.
 S. c. cirrhatus.  Peninsular India (n to Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa; Sri Lanka.

Spizaetus nipalensis  MOUNTAIN HAWK-EAGLE.  Forest. Hills and mts., 600-4000 m, of s Asia in n,sw India (Himalayas from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh and n Assam; W. Ghats in Kerala and w Mysore; Sri Landa; w Burma, se,ne China (from nw Yunnan, s Anhwei and Chekiang s to Kwangsi, Kwangtung and Hainan; from Heilungkiang to Kirin); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku).  Himalayan populations winter s to c India and se Asia.  May include S. bartelsi.
Spizaetus alboniger  BLYTH'S HAWK-EAGLE.  Forest, edge.  Hills and mts. to 1000 m of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra (incl. many surrounding is.) and Borneo.

Spizaetus bartelsi  JAVAN HAWK-EAGLE.  Woodland.  Lowlands and hills of Java.  May be conspecific with S. nipalensis.
Spizaetus lanceolatus  SULAWESI HAWK-EAGLE.  Forest, open country.  Lowlands to 1500 m of Sulawesi (incl. Muna, Butung, Peleng, and Sula is.).
Spizaetus philippensis  PHILIPPINE HAWK-EAGLE.  Forest.  Philippines on Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Masbate, Samar, Leyte, Negros, Siquijor, Mindanao and Basilan.
Spizaetus nanus  WALLACE'S HAWK-EAGLE.  Lowland forest.  Lowlands of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra (incl. Nias and Bangka) and Borneo.

Spizaetus tyrannus  BLACK HAWK-EAGLE.  Forest, edge, open woodland.  Lowlands to 2000 m from s San Luis Potosí, Veracruz and Chiapas s (not recorded Yucatán) to Panama, and from n,c,e Colombia (s to Serranía de Baudó; Cauca V., Magdalena V.; generally e of Andes), w,n,e Venezuela (Mérida, Sucre, Monagas, Delta Amacuro), Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru (Tumbes) and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz) and Amazonian,e Brazil (from Amazonia s to n Mato Grosso; coastal forests from Bahia and Alagoas s to Rio Grande do Sul) to e Paraguay and extreme ne Argentina (Misiones).
Spizaetus ornatus  ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE.  Humid forest, edge, woodland.  Locally in lowlands and foothills to 1800 m (ranges to 3000 m) from Colima, Hidalgo and Tamaulipas s to Panama (incl. I. Coiba), and from Colombia, n,s Venezuela (Táchira, Carabobo, Aragua, Guárico, Sucre, n,c Amazonas, c Bolívar), Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, ne Peru (Loreto), n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, Santa Cruz) and Brazil to Paraguay and n Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Misiones).

Stephanoaetus coronatus  CROWNED HAWK-EAGLE.  Forest, rocky hills, dense woodland.  Africa in Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, s Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, sw C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, w,c Ethiopia, Sudan and w,sc Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, s to n Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and e S. Africa in e Transvaal, Natal and e Cape Prov.
Oroaetus isidori  BLACK-AND-CHESTNUT EAGLE.  Forest.  Locally in foothills and mts. to 3450 m of w,n S. America from Colombia (Andes; Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá) and w,n Venezuela (w Zulia; Mérida; Carabobo, Aragua) s through Andes of Ecuador, Peru and wc Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, w Santa Cruz) to nw Argentina (Jujuy, Tucumán).

Family SAGITTARIIDAE:
 Sagittarius serpentarius  SECRETARYBIRD.  Open country, savanna, steppe.  S Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Chad, c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, nw Somalia, s (exc. forested w,c) in Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe to s S. Africa.  Breeding documented in Mali, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and S. Africa.  Probably breeds in several other African countries.

Parvorder FALCONIDA:
Family FALCONIDAE:
Subfamily MICRASTURINAE:
Laughing Falcon, Forest-Falcons.

Herpetotheres cachinnans  LAUGHING FALCON.  Forest, edge, open and riparian woods.  Lowlands and foothills to 2400 m from s Sonora and Tamaulipas s along both slopes, incl. Yucatán Peninsula to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru, Bolivia and Brazil s to São Paulo, Paraguay and n Argentina.
Micrastur ruficollis  BARRED FOREST-FALCON.  Humid forest.  Lowlands and mts. to 2500 m from Guerrero, Hidalgo and Veracruz s along both slopes (exc. Yucatán) to Panama, and from w,n,e Colombia, n,s Venezuela and Guianas s through w,e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil to Paraguay and n Argentina.
Micrastur plumbeus  PLUMBEOUS FOREST-FALCON.  Humid forest.  Andean foothills, 600-900 m in sw Colombia and nw Ecuador.
Micrastur gilvicollis  LINED FOREST-FALCON.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 1500 m e of Andes in e Colombia, s Venezuela, Guianas, e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Amazonian and e Brazil.

Micrastur mirandollei  SLATY-BACKED FOREST-FALCON.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 500 m in Costa Rica, Panama, w,se Colombia, s Venezuela, Guianas, e Peru, c Bolivia and Amazonian and e Brazil.
Micrastur semitorquatus  COLLARED FOREST-FALCON.  Forest, thickets, mangroves.  Lowlands to 1500 m from Sinaloa, San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas s to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru, and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru and Brazil to n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay and n Argentina.
Micrastur buckleyi  BUCKLEY'S FOREST-FALCON.  Humid forest.  Amazonian basin in e Ecuador and e Peru, probably se Colombia.

Subfamily FALCONINAE:
Tribe POLYBORINI:

Daptrius ater  BLACK CARACARA.  Savanna, mangroves, riverine forest, edge.  Lowlands to 750 m e of the Andes from e Colombia, w,s,e Venezuela and Guianas s to e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.
Daptrius americanus  RED-THROATED CARACARA.  Humid forest, edge.  Locally in lowlands to 1500 m from Chiapas s (not recorded in Belize or El Salvador) to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of the Andes to w Ecuador and e of the Andes to e Ecuador, c,e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil to Mato Grosso and São Paulo.
Phalcoboenus carunculatus  CARUNCULATED CARACARA.  Paramo, puna, farmland.  High Andes above timberline, 3000-4000 m in sw Colombia and Ecuador.  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of P. albogularis.

Phalcoboenus megalopterus  MOUNTAIN CARACARA.  Paramo.  High Andes above timberline from Peru s through c,s Bolivia to nw Argentina and n,c Chile to Talca.  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of P. carunculatus or of P. albogularis.  The former may be in contact in Ecuador; however, reports of hybrids appear to be based on immature birds, which are almost identical (Poulsen 1993. Wilson Bull. 105:689-691).
Phalcoboenus albogularis  WHITE-THROATED CARACARA.  Paramo, humid woodland.  Andean slopes to 3000 m from c Chile n to Aisén and w Argentina n to Neuquén, s to Tierra del Fuego.

Phalcoboenus australis  STRIATED CARACARA.  Tussock grass, rocky ledges.  Islets off Tierra del Fuego incl. Navarino, Wollaston and Staten I.; Falkland Is.
*Caracara lutosus  GUADALUPE CARACARA.  Extinct, last reported ca. 1912.  Formerly on Guadalupe I. off w Mexico.  Sometimes treated as a race of plancus.  Caracara replaces Polyborus as the generic name.  See Auk 110:676, 1993.
Caracara plancus  CRESTED CARACARA.  Open country, semi-desert, savanna, grassland, scrub.

The two subspecies are sometimes treated as separate species.
 C. p. cheriway.  Lowlands and mts. to 3000 m in c,s Florida, Cuba, Isle of Pines; from n Baja Calif., s Arizona, Sonora, Sinaloa, Zacatecas, Nuevo León, c,s Texas and sw Louisiana s to Panama, incl. María Madre I. in the Tres Marías Is., (not reported from Belize); and from Colombia, exc. Pacific lowlands, Venezuela and islands from Aruba e to Trinidad, and Guianas s to nw,nc Peru, e Ecuador and n Brazil n of the Amazon.
 C. p. plancus.  From w,s Peru, n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay and c,s Brazil s of the Amazon s to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.

Milvago chimachima  YELLOW-HEADED CARACARA.  Open country, savanna, scrub, farms, often near water.  Lowlands to 2600 m in sw Costa Rica, Panama incl. Pearl Is., and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, mostly e of the Andes, through Brazil and e Peru to n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay, n Argentina and Uruguay.
Milvago chimango  CHIMANGO CARACARA.  Open country, forest.  From n Chile n to Atacama, e Bolivia, Paraguay, se Brazil in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay s through Argentina to Tierra del Fuego.

Tribe FALCONINI:  Falcons.

Spiziapteryx circumcinctus  SPOT-WINGED FALCONET.  Savanna, scrubby woods, chaco, semi-desert.  E Bolivia, w Paraguay and n Argentina.  May be more closely related to caracaras than to falcons.
Polihierax semitorquatus  PYGMY FALCON.  Acacia savanna, thornbush, semi-desert, usually closely associated with colonial sparrow-weavers.  Extreme se Sudan, c,e Ethiopia, Somalia, e Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania; Namibia, sw Botswana and n S. Africa in n Cape Prov., w Transvaal and w Orange Free State.
Polihierax insignis  WHITE-RUMPED FALCON.  Dry, open woods.  Lowlands to 900 m in Burma (exc. ne,e), nw,sw,ne Thailand, Cambodia, c,s Laos and s Indochina in s Annam and Cochinchina.

Microhierax caerulescens  COLLARED FALCONET.  Open forest, edge, farms.  Lowlands to 600 m in n India in the Himalayan foothills from Kumaon and n Uttar Pradesh e to n Assam, Burma, Thailand (exc. c), Cambodia, c,s Laos and s Indochina.
Microhierax fringillarius  BLACK-THIGHED FALCONET.  Forest edge, second growth, semi-open country.  Lowlands to 1200 m in Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo.
Microhierax latifrons  WHITE-FRONTED FALCONET.  Forest.  Sarawak and Sabah in n Borneo.
Microhierax erythrogenys  PHILIPPINE FALCONET.  Forest.  Philippines on Luzon, Catanduanes, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Calicoan, Bohol and Mindanao.

Microhierax melanoleucus  PIED FALCONET.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1525 m in e India, se China, n Laos and n Vietnam in Tonkin and n Annam.
Falco berigora  BROWN FALCON.  Open country, woods, forest edge, farms, coastal dunes, roadsides.  Lowlands and mts. to 3000 m in c,e New Guinea w to Weyland Mts. and Merauke, incl. Manam and Karkar islands; Long I. in the w Bismarck Arch., and Australia, Tasmania, King and Flinders islands and many offshore islands.
Falco naumanni  LESSER KESTREL.  Desert, steppe, farms, towns.  From the Iberian Pen., s France, s Italy, s Austria, Balkans, Greece; from Morocco e to Tunisia and nw Libya, and Mediterranean region incl. Sardinia, Sicily and Cyprus, e across Turkey, Near East, Iran, n Afghanistan, s Russia n to s Urals to sw Siberia in Altai, Tuva, Transbaicalia, Mongolia, n Chinaa.

Falco tinnunculus  COMMON KESTREL.  Open country, plains, heaths, farms, towns.  From n British Isles and n Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia and c Siberia to upper Kolyma R., s to e Atlantic islands on Madeira, Cape Verde and Canary is.  Africa in Mauritania, Mali, Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Gabon, C. Afr. Rep., Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Zaire (absent from heavily forested w,c Africa), Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa; Socotra I., w,e coasts of Arabia, Middle East, Pakistan, n,s India, Sri Lanka, probably n Burma, s China, Korea and Japan on Honshu and probably Hokkaido.
Falco newtoni  MADAGASCAR KESTREL.  Lowlands to 2000 m of Madagascar and Aldabra Islands.
Falco punctatus  MAURITIUS KESTREL.  Forest, woods.  Mauritius I. in the w Mascarene Islands.

Falco araea  SEYCHELLES KESTREL.  Forest, fields, stone buildings.  Seychelles.
Falco moluccensis  SPOTTED KESTREL.  Open country, farms.  Lowlands and mts. to 2800 m in Sulawesi and most adj. islands, Java and Kangean Is., Lesser Sunda Is. and islands in the Flores Sea, Moluccas and Tanimbar islands.
Falco cenchroides  AUSTRALIAN KESTREL.  Open country, plains, coastal dunes, farms, towns.  Christmas I. in the Indian Ocean; Aru Is., c New Guinea in the Oranje Mts., 3000-3400 m.; Australia, Tasmania and Lord Howe Island.
Falco sparverius  AMERICAN KESTREL.  Open country, scrub, desert, farms, towns, pine savanna.  Lowlands and mts. to 3200 m from w,c Alaska, s Yukon, w Mackenzie and n Alberta e across c,se Canada to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, s to s Baja Calif.; Guadalupe I.; Sinaloa through Mexican highlands and n C. America to c Honduras, and to the Gulf coast and s Florida; lowland pine savanna of e Honduras and ne Nicaragua; Bahamas n to Eleuthera; Greater and Lesser Antilles s to Guadeloupe; from Colombia, Venezuela, Netherlands Antilles e to Margarita I., but absent from Bonaire and s Amazonas Prov.; to Trinidad, Guyana, French Guiana and n Brazil in Roraima s, mostly in mts., through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile (incl. Mas-á-Tierra in Juan Fernández Is.) and Argentina to Tierra del Fuego, and e of the Andes (exc. most of Amazonia) over tableland of c,e Brazil to Paraguay and Urguay.

Falco rupicoloides  GREATER KESTREL.  Acacia steppe, open plains.  Lowlands to 2000 m in Ethiopia, nw Somalia, e Uganda, Kenya and ne Tanzania; s,ce Angola, sw Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, sw Mozambique and S. Africa.
Falco alopex  FOX KESTREL.  Rocky hills, gorges.  Senegambia, Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, s Niger, n Ivory Coast, n Ghana, n Togo, Nigeria, n Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, c,s Sudan and ne Zaire to w,c Ethiopia, Eritrea,  n Uganda, nw Kenya and Tanzania.
Falco ardosiaceus  GREY KESTREL.  Savanna, open woods.  Senegambia, s Mauritania e across s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to w,c Ethiopia, Eritrea, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and w Kenya, w Tanzania, s,se Zaire, s to n Namibia and sw,n Angola.

Falco dickinsoni  DICKINSON'S KESTREL.  Palm savanna.  From Angola (exc. nw), se Zaire and s,ne Tanzania, Pemba I. and Zanzibar, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, n Namibia, n,e Botswana, ne S. Africa in e Transvaal and s Mozambique.
Falco zoniventris  BANDED KESTREL.  Savanna, forest, edge.  Lowlands to 1000 m of Madagascar.
Falco chicquera  RED-NECKED FALCON.  Open country, savanna, desert.  Sw Mauritania and Senegambia, s Mali, s Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to w,c Ethiopia, s Somalia, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, s (exc. forested w,c) to Angola, Zambia, Malawi, s Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and n S. Africa in n Cape Prov., Transvaal and w Orange Free State.  Lowlands in se Iran, Pakistan and India from Himalayan foothills and Nepal s to Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and e to Assam and Bangladesh.

Falco vespertinus  RED-FOOTED FALCON.  Open country, open woods, forest steppe, farms, riparian forest, Borassus palms.  From e Sweden, Gulf of Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria e across c,se Russia, s to Ukraine, lower Volga R., lower Ural R., s to n Kazakhstan and c,s Siberia from n Altai e to Irkutsk region and nw China in nw Sinkiang; may have bred formerly in Algeria.
Falco amurensis  AMUR FALCON.  Open country.  E Siberia in Transbaicalia, Amurland, Ussuriland, e China, n Korea and (at least formerly) ne India in Assam.  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of F. vespertinus.
Falco eleonorae  ELEONORA'S FALCON.  Woods, scrub, cliffs.  Canary Islands and islets along coast from Morocco to Tunisia, and islets in the Mediterranean Sea e to Crete, Cyprus and Cyclades.

Swatschek, et al. (1993. J. für Orn. 134:137-143) used DNA-fingerprinting to determine the incidence of extra-pair copulations (EPC) in Eleonora's Falcons captured on an Aegean island.  70 adult females, 28 adult males and over 60 young of 17 families were sampled; no evidence of EPC was found, even though the birds nest in colonies and in small territories with a radius of 10-50 meters.  The birds seem to be strictly monogamous, but the members of the colony were shown to be related by the sharing of certain bands in all individuals.  (Also published: 1994. Raptor Cons. Today.  Meyburg and Chancellor, eds. The Pica Press)

Falco concolor  SOOTY FALCON.  Stony desert, scrub, rocky islands.  Se Libya, Egypt, n Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen, Israel, Jordan and islands in the Red Sea.
Falco femoralis  APLOMADO FALCON.  Open woods, savanna, puna, grassland.  Locally in lowlands and mts. to 3850 m from Sinaloa (at least formerly), Chihuahua (probably) and Tamaulipas, s to Chiapas, Yucatán Pen. and Belize; pine savanna of e Honduras and ne Nicaragua; from Panama, Colombia (exc. Pacific slope), n,se Venezuela n of the Orinoco R., Margarita I., Trinidad and Guianas s to Tierra del Fuego.
Falco columbarius  MERLIN.  Open country, moors, heath, grassy dunes, desert, open coniferous forest.  From Iceland, Faroes, British Isles and n Scandiavia e across n,c,se Russia s to c Urals, n Kazakhstan and Siberia e to Anadyrland and s to Altai, Tuva, Transbaicalia and Sakhalin (absent from Kamchatka).  From nw Alaska, n Yukon, nw,c Mackenzie, se Keewatin, n Manitoba, n Ontario, n Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland s to s Alaska, sw British Columbia, n U.S. from c Washington, e Oregon and Idaho e to n Michigan, n Ohio, s Ontario and Nova Scotia.

Falco rufigularis  BAT FALCON.  Open woods, forest edge, savanna.  Lowlands to 1700 m from s Sonora and Tamaulipas s to Panama, incl. Taboga, Coiba and Pearl islands, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia and Brazil, Paraguay and n Argentina.
Falco subbuteo  EURASIAN HOBBY.  Open country, savanna, steppe, moors, farms.  From s British Isles, s Sweden and c Finland e across nw,c Russia and c Siberia to Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka Pen., Sakhalin and s Kuril Is., s to Morocco, Tunisia, n Mediterranean region, incl. Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and Cyprus; Turkey, Israel, w,n Iran, n Afghanistan, Himalayas 1200-4000 m of n Pakistan and n India from Kashmir e to Garwhal, w,ne,e Burma, s China, Korea and Japan s to Hokkaido.
Falco cuvierii  AFRICAN HOBBY.  Savanna, forest edge.  Senegambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, s Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, sc,ce,ne Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., Chad, se Sudan, w,c Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola s to n Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and e S. Africa in e Transvaal, Natal and e Cape Prov.

Falco severus  ORIENTAL HOBBY.  Forest, open woods, farms.  Lowlands to 2400 m from n Pakistan in the Himalayan foothills, n,e India from Kashmir e to Assam and s to Bangladesh and Manipur, Burma and s China, s through Thailand, n Laos, Vietnam and Malaya to the Greater Sunda Is., incl. Kalaotoa; Philippines, Moluccas on Halmahera, Ternate, Buru and Ambon; Salawati in the w Papuan islands; New Guinea lowlands to 1200 m, incl. Yapen I.; Fergusson I., New Britain and the Solomon Is.
Falco longipennis  AUSTRALIAN HOBBY.  Open woods, riparian forest, plains, semi-desert, towns.  Australia and Tasmania.  Winters and probably breeds in the Lesser Sunda Is.
Falco novaeseelandiae  NEW ZEALAND FALCON.  Forest, scrub, rocky islands.  New Zealand and the Auckland Islands.
Falco hypoleucos  GREY FALCON.  Arid plains, semi-desert, riparian woods.  Interior and dry coastal areas of Australia.

Falco subniger  BLACK FALCON.  Open country, plains, grassland, riparian woods, farms.  Australia, except coastal W. Australia s of the Kimberleys, and e Australia from n Queensland s to e Victoria.
Falco biarmicus  LANNER FALCON.  Open country, savanna, desert.  Locally in lowlands and mts. to 2500 m from Italy, Sicily, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Greece, incl. islands, (formerly sw Spain), Turkey, Near East, n Iraq, nw Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Arabia; Africa (exc. forested w,c Africa) in Mauritania, Senegambia, Burkina Faso, Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa.
Falco jugger  LAGGAR FALCON.  Open country.  Lowlands to 1000 m in se Iran, e Afghanistan, Pakistan, India n to Himalayan foothills, Nepal, and e to Bangladesh and c Burma.

Falco cherrug  SAKER FALCON.  Open country, plains, grassland, steppe, riparian woods.  From s Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary and Romania s across c Russia to the upper Yenisei R. to sw Siberia (Altai) and w,n China, nw Mongolia, s to Turkey, n Iraq and Iran.

Includes F. altaicus of c Asia, which may be a color morph of F. cherrug, but has been treated as a species or as a race of F. rusticolus.  B. King (pers. comm.) favors species status for altaicus.

Falco rusticolus  GYRFALCON.  Tundra, open taiga, seacoasts.  Arctic region from Greenland, Iceland and Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia, incl. Bering I., to Chukotski Pen., and s to Koryakland and Kamchatka Pen.  From n Alaska, n Yukon, and Banks, Prince Patrick and Ellesmere is., s to c Alaska incl. Aleutians w to Umnak, nw British Columbia, s Yukon, n Mackenzie, s Keewatin, Southampton I., c Quebec and n Labrador.
Falco mexicanus  PRAIRIE FALCON.  Open country, arid plains, prairies, deserts, cliffs.  From se British Columbia, s Alberta, s Saskatchewan and n N. Dakota s to Baja Calif., s Arizona, s New Mexico, se Coahuila, w,n Texas and (formerly) nw Missouri.
Falco peregrinus  PEREGRINE FALCON.  Open country, tundra, moors, steppe, seacoast, cliffs, cities.  Nearly worldwide, but locally distributed in all areas.  From British Isles and Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Chukotski Pen., s to Cape Verde Islands; from n Morocco to Tunisia; Mediterranean region, incl. Cyprus, Balearic and other small islands; Turkey, n Iran, s Russia, s Siberia, Mongolia, China (exc. extreme w), Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, s,e Burma, s China, probably Taiwan, and Kuril and Volcano islands; Africa in Mauritania, Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Niger, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Zaire, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa; Madagascar and Comoro Is.  From E. Indies and Philippines e through New Guinea and Bismarck Arch. to Loyalty Is., New Caledonia, Fiji and Vanuatu, s to Australia, Tasmania; from n Alaska and n Mackenzie e across Banks, Victoria, s Melville, Somerset and n Baffin is. to Labrador, s to Baja Calif., coast of Sonora, sw U.S. (rarely in mts. of New Mexico), Colorado, and s Canada (formerly through e U.S. s to n Alabama and nw Georgia), locally present in ne U.S., some in cities.  Southern S. America from Ecuador, Peru, s Chile n to Coquimbo, and Argentina n to Santa Cruz, possibly in Tucumán, s to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands.

Falco pelegrinoides  BARBARY FALCON.  Semi-desert, desert, dry steppe, rocky regions.  From Morocco and Mauritania e across Algeria, Tunisia Egypt incl. Sinai Pen., (?) n Somalia, Arabia, Near East, Iraq, probably w Iran, s Russia and Afghanistan to nw Mongolia, w China in w,s Sinkiang and w Pakistan.  Vagrant records in several northern subSaharan African countries.  Sometimes treated as a race of F. peregrinus.
Falco deiroleucus  ORANGE-BREASTED FALCON.  Open forest, edge, cliffs.  Locally in lowlands to 2400 m in Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Chiapas, ne Guatemala primarily in Petén, Belize, c Honduras, nc,ne Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, and from n,e Colombia, w,n,se Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, mostly e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru and n,e Bolivia to n Argentina, Paraguay and e,se Brazil from Pará s to sw Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul.

Falco fasciinucha  TAITA FALCON.  Open country, woods, nesting only on rock faces and crags.  Discontinuous distribution in highlands from s Sudan, sw Ethiopia s through w,s Kenya, e Tanzania, Malawi and e Zambia to Zimbabwe, w Mozambique and South Africa.  A rare and spotty resident in southern Africa.

 22