Tribe STERNINI:
Sterna nilotica  GULL-BILLED TERN.  Sandy seacoasts and islands.  From Denmark, c Russia, s Mongolia and e,s China s to nw Africa in Senegambia, Mauritania and Tunisia; s Spain, Sardinia, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Iran, Persian Gulf, Crimea, Volga-Ural steppes, n Caucasus, Kirghiz steppes, Turkestan, se Afghanistan, Pakistan and India e to W. Bengal and Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; Indonesia, Philippines and New Guinea; Australia.  Sc California at the Salton Sea, coasts of Sonora and Sinaloa and probably islands in the Gulf of California; coastally from New York s to Florida and w to Texas; Bahamas on Great Inagua and Harbour I.; Virgin Is.; Pacific coast of Ecuador; Atlantic coast in Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina s to s Buenos Aires.
Sterna caspia  CASPIAN TERN.  Sandy and gravelly seacoasts.  Locally in Tunisia, Mauritania, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, n Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola and S. Africa.  Madagascar; Seychelles, Aldabra, Comores.  Locally in s Scandinavia, Estonia and from the Black Sea and Turkey e across nw Iran, s Russia in the Volga-Ural steppes, Caspian and Aral seas, Kirghiz steppes to n Mongolia, s Siberia and coastal e China from Liaoning to Kwantung, Taiwan and Hainan; from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf e to Pakistan in Sind; Sri Lanka; locally in Australia and Tasmania; New Zealand.  Locally from Washington, ne Alberta, s Mackenzie and c Saskatchewan e across c Canada to Newfoundland and s to c Baja California, Sinaloa, Great Lakes region and ne New York, s along coasts to Florida and w to Texas.

Sterna maxima  ROYAL TERN.  Sandy seacoasts.  Locally along Pacific coast in extreme s Calif. (rarely), wc Baja Calif., Sonora, Sinaloa and Tres Marías Is.; from Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean coast from New Jersey s to Florida and w to Texas, s through W. Indies to islands off n Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles e to Los Roques, Trinidad and French Guiana; islands off Yucatán Pen. on Cayo Arcas and Alacrán Reef; coast of Uruguay and n Argentina.  Occurs as non-breeding migrant or vagrant on islands and coasts of many African countries; know to breed on islands off Mauritania and Senegambia.
Sterna bergii  GREAT CRESTED-TERN.  Seacoasts.  Breeds on coasts of Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Namibia and S. Africa from Walvis Bay e to Natal and on Madagascar, Comoro and Aldabra islands; also recorded (possibly breeding) in coastal Kenya and Tanzania, Mozambique, Zanzibar, Pemba I.; Seychelles, Mascarene and Laccadive islands.  From coasts and islands in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf e to se Asia, se China, Philippines, Ryukyu and Bonin islands; Micronesia and Kiribati and s to Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Australia, Tasmania and in s Polynesia e to Tuamotu.

Sterna elegans  ELEGANT TERN.  Sandy coasts.  Pacific coast from s Calif. in San Diego Bay,
s to c Baja Calif. at Scammon Lagoon and I. San Roque; Raza, Trinidad and George islands in the Gulf of Calif.; s along Mexican coast to Nayarit.
Sterna bengalensis  LESSER CRESTED-TERN.  Seacoasts and islands.  Breeding records in Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia.  Recorded as migrant or vagrant in n,w,e,se Africa from Morocco, Mauritania, Senegambia, Guinea, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, e S. Africa in Natal; Madagascar, Seychelles, Aldabra, Comores; from Persian Gulf e to Malay Peninsula; Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi; Aru Is., New Guinea, and along coasts of w,n,e Australia s to c W. Australia at Shark Bay and s Queensland on Fraser Island.
Sterna bernsteini  CHINESE CRESTED-TERN.  Seacoasts.  Coast of e China in Shantung and islands off Shantung near Tsingtao and Mukuan Tao.  Few reports in recent years; may be extinct.

Sterna sandvicensis  SANDWICH TERN.  Sandy coasts and islands.
The two races, formerly treated as species, interbreed freely in the Lesser Antilles.
 S. s. sandvicensis.  Coasts of British Isles and s Scandinavia s to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas; locally in se U.S. along coasts and islands from Virginia s to Florida and w to s Texas; off Yucatán Pen. and Belize; Bahamas; s Cuba; Virgin Is.; and occasionally Curaçao and Trinidad.
 S. s. eurygnatha.  Is. off Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles e to Los Roques, n Trinidad and French Guiana; along coast of s Argentina in Chubut and Santa Cruz.  Often treated as a separate species, but interbreeding occurs in mixed colonies where the races are in contact.

Sterna aurantia  RIVER TERN.  Rivers, seacoasts.  Pakistan, India, Nepal, sw China in s Yunnan and Indochina except the Malay Peninsula.
Sterna dougallii  ROSEATE TERN.  Sandy and grassy seacoasts and islands.  Locally in British Isles, Denmark and nw,s France; Azores, Madeira and Canary islands; coasts from Red Sea and Arabia s to s S. Africa, (breeding records in Senegambia, Somalia, Kenya, S. Africa and Madagascar).  Sri Lanka; Andaman Is. and coastal Malay Peninsula; se China in Fukien and n Kwantung; Taiwan and Lan Yü Is.; Greater Sunda Is., Indonesia; cw Philippines on the Calamian Is. and Palawan.  Locally from Maine and Nova Scotia s to Florida, W. Indies, Bermuda and is. off n Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles to Los Roques; islands off n Honduras.
Sterna striata  WHITE-FRONTED TERN.  Coasts, bays.  Tasmania and Furneaux Is., New Zealand on North, South and Stewart islands; Chatham and Auckland islands.

Sterna sumatrana  BLACK-NAPED TERN.  Rocky and sandy islets.  From Seychelles and Amirantes to Aldabra is., Madagascar, Chagos Arch. and Andaman Is.  From islands off China from Hopeh to Fukien, Taiwan; Makeno I. off s Kyushu in s Japan; s Micronesia s to Greater Sunda Is.; coasts of ne Australia from N. Territory to e Queensland; New Guinea; New Caledonia; Samoa and Cook Islands.
Sterna hirundinacea  SOUTH AMERICAN TERN.  Coasts, islets.  Coasts and islands from Peru on San Gallán I. and e Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, s to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands.
Sterna hirundo  COMMON TERN.  From British Isles, n Europe, n Russia, nc Siberia, Mongolia and n China, s to the Azores, Canary Is. and Madeira; Tunisia, Libya (breeding records in Mauritania, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Gabon); Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Near East, Iraq, Iran, Middle East, probably Pakistan, and Tibet.  From n Alberta, sc Mackenzie, n Saskatchewan, nw,c Mackenzie, and from c Ontario e to Labrador and Newfoundland, s to e Washington, ne Montana, ne S. Dakota, c Minnesota, and from n Illinois e across n U.S. to New England, and s along Atlantic coast to S. Carolina; locally on Gulf coast from Texas to w Florida; Bermuda; Greater Antilles; Dominica in the Lesser Antilles, and Netherlands Antilles off n Venezuela.  Widespread winter and vagrant records.

Sterna paradisaea  ARCTIC TERN.  Seacoasts, tundra, lakes, rivers.  From Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear I., Franz Josef Land, n Europe w to France and s Scandinavia e across n Russia incl. Novaya Zemlya and n Siberia to Anadyrland, Koryakland and Commander Is.  From n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzie, Banks, Bathurst and n Ellesmere islands, Labrador and Newfoundland s to s Alaska incl. Aleutian Is., s Yukon, nw British Columbia, s Mackenzie, nw Saskatchewan, and from n Manitoba e across c,se Canada to New Brunswick and s along Atlantic coast to Massachusetts; Puget Sound in Washington State.
Sterna vittata  ANTARCTIC TERN.  Seacoasts.  Islands in s oceans: Ascension; St. Helena; Tristan da Cunha incl. Gough I., Stag I. off s S. Africa; Bouvet, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, Macquarie, Amsterdam, St. Paul, Campbell, Auckland, Snares, Antipodes and Bounty islands; Antarctic peninsula s to lat. 68°S.

Sterna virgata  KERGUELEN TERN.  Ponds, marshes, beaches.  Prince Edward, Marion, Crozets and Kerguelen islands in the s Indian Ocean.
Sterna forsteri  FORSTER'S TERN.  Marshes and sandy seacoasts.  From se British Columbia, c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, c Manitoba and s Ontario s to s Calif., w Nevada, sc Idaho, nc Utah, and from n,e Colorado e across c U.S. to nw Indiana and ec Michigan; Atlantic coast from s Massachusetts and s New York s locally to S. Carolina; Gulf coast from Louisiana s to n Tamaulipas.
Sterna trudeaui  SNOWY-CROWNED TERN.  Marshes, lagoons.  Chile from Aconcagua to Isla Chiloé, Uruguay and ne Argentina in Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires.

Sterna albifrons  LITTLE TERN.  Beaches, seacoasts, rivers, lakes.  From British Isles and s Scandinavia e across c,se Russia to w Mongolia, China, se Siberia and Japan on Honshu and Shikoku, s to Mediterranean region incl. coast of n Africa; w,ne,e Africa (breeding records in Mauritania, Senegambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Gabon, Chad, Socotra I.).  Turkey, and from Persian Gulf and Middle East to India, Sri Lanka and se Asia; Indonesia; Philippines; New Guinea; Bismarck Arch., and coasts of Australia (exc. most of W. and S. Australia).
Sterna saundersi  SAUNDERS'S TERN.  Seacoasts, islets.  Ne Africa (breeding records in Somalia), and s Asia from the Red Sea, Djibouti, Somalia and s Arabia e to Pakistan.  May be conspecific with albifrons, but differs vocally; interactions in contact zones are poorly known.

Sterna antillarum  LEAST TERN.  Seacoasts, beaches, bays, lagoons, lakes, rivers.  Locally along major river systems from e Montana, sc N. Dakota, w Iowa, sw Missouri, nw Indiana, c Kentucky and nw Ohio s to c New Mexico, se Colorado, w Kansas, c Oklahoma, ne Texas, c Louisiana and w Tennessee; coasts from c Calif. (now rare due to habitat destruction) and Maine s to Chiapas, s Texas, Gulf coast and Florida incl. Florida Keys; coast of Yucatán Pen. incl. Isla Cancun, and islands off Belize and Honduras; W. Indies s to Antigua; islands off n coast of Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles e to Margarita I., possibly Trinidad.  Formerly treated as a race of S. albifrons, but differs vocally and the two are not in contact.
Sterna superciliaris  YELLOW-BILLED TERN.  Rivers, lakes, estuaries.  Lowlands of interior S. America from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, east of the Andes, to n,e Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and ne Argentina s to ne Buenos Aires.

Sterna lorata  PERUVIAN TERN.  Seacoasts.  Arid Pacific coast from Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador s through Peru to n Chile s to Antofagasta.
Sterna nereis  FAIRY TERN.  Seacoasts, islands.  From W. Australia n to Derby and e to Port Albert, Victoria and King I.; Tasmania and islands in Bass Strait.  Breeds sympatrically with albifrons.
Sterna balaenarum  DAMARA TERN.  Seacoasts.  W,s Africa from Cabinda and Angola s to s S. Africa in Cape Province.  Breeding records in Namibia and S. Africa, probably breeds on other African coasts.
Sterna repressa  WHITE-CHEEKED TERN.  Islands, coasts of the n Indian Ocean from Red Sea and ne Africa s to Kenya (breeding records in Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya); e locally through Persian Gulf area and India off Malvan in Maharashtra to Laccadive Islands.

Sterna acuticauda  BLACK-BELLIED TERN.  Rivers, lakes, swamps, ponds.  Pakistan, India, Nepal, sw China in w Yunnan, Burma and Indochina, except Malay Peninsula.
Sterna aleutica  ALEUTIAN TERN.  Grassy flats, islets, lagoons, river mouths.  E Siberia in Sakhalin and Kamchatka; Alaska from Cape Krusenstern and Kotzebue Sound s to Aleutians w to Attu, and e to Alaska Peninsula and sc coast incl. Kodiak I.
Sterna lunata  GREY-BACKED TERN.  Pelagic, breeds on sandy beaches and islets.  Islands in the w Pacific from Guguan in the c Mariana Is., Wake and Hawaiian islands e to Kaula and Moku Manu off Oahu, s to Fiji and Tuamotu.

Sterna anaethetus  BRIDLED TERN.  Pelagic, breeds on rocky or coral islands.  From Taiwan, ec Philippines on Maturin I. and Palau s to Indonesia, New Guinea and w,n,e Australia from Cape Leeuwin in W. Australia e to Great Barrier Reef off Queensland.  Middle America off Honduras probably on Los Farallones, nw Costa Rica and Panama.  Locally on the Florida Keys, W. Indies, and off Yucatán Pen., Belize and Venezuela.  On islands off Mauritania and islands in the Gulf of Guinea (w Africa) and e Africa (breeding records in Senegambia, Mauritania, Gulf of Guinea Is., Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia and Kenya).  From the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and w India s to Kenya, w Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius and Laccadive and Maldive islands.
Sterna fuscata  SOOTY TERN.  Pelagic, breeds on sandy or coral beaches on islands.  Islands from Ryukyu, Bonin, Marcus and Wake is., Hawaiian Is. from Kure e to Moku Manu and Manana off Oahu, and islands off w Mexico: Clipperton, Revillagigedo, Tres Marías, Isabela, Alijos Rocks; s to Philippines, islands off e Australia, Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec Is., Tuamotu, Galapagos, Sala-y-Gómez, and San Félix off Chile.  Islands off coasts from N. Carolina to Florida, w to Texas, off Yucatán Pen. and Belize, throughout W. Indies to islands off n coast of S. America, off Brazil, and in tropical Atlantic on Salvage, Ascension, St. Helena and Príncipe.  Indian Ocean from ne Arabia, Madagascar, Mascarene, Seychelles, (breeding records in Senegambia, Gulf of Guinea Is., Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mascarene Is.).  Laccadive, Maldive and Andaman islands, s to islands off w Australia.

Chlidonias albostriatus  BLACK-FRONTED TERN.  Rivers, lakes.  New Zealand on South Island from Marlborough Sound to Southland; formerly on North Island.  Sometimes placed in Sterna; sometimes treated as a race of C. hybridus.
Chlidonias hybridus  WHISKERED TERN.  Marshes, swamps, lagoons, rivers, lakes.  From s Europe n to c France and s Poland, Mediterranean region and from Morocco to Tunisia and Mali, e through Turkey, Middle and Near East, Iraq, e Iran, Ukraine, Volga-Ural steppes, Kazakhstan, Aral Sea, Turkestan, Kirghiz steppes to s Siberia in Transbaicalia, c,e China, Taiwan s to n,c India and se Asia; Togian I. off n Sulawesi. From Kenya and Tanzania s to S. Africa w to sw Cape Prov.; Madagascar (breding records in Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, S. Africa, Madagascar).  Australia, except Tasmania.

Chlidonias leucopterus  WHITE-WINGED TERN.  Marshes, wet meadows.  From e Europe in Poland and from Hungary to Bulgaria and Romania, e across n Turkey, Ukraine, Ural Mts., Volga-Ural steppes, Black Sea, Armenia, Caucasus and n Kirghiz steppes to s Siberia in Transbaicalia, Amurland, s Ussuriland and s Sakhalin, Mongolia and n China; se Iraq; irregularly to Kenya and n Tanzania.  Has nested, usually paired with C. niger, in Quebec, Wisconsin and New York; recorded annually during migration in eastern North America.
Chlidonias niger  BLACK TERN.  Marshes, wet meadows.  From s Sweden, n Europe, nc Russia and c Siberia, s to s Spain, Sardinia, n Italy, Greece, w Turkey, Armenia, n Caucasus, Caspian and Aral seas, Turkestan, Altai and w China.  From sw,ec British Columbia, n Alberta, sc Mackenzie, nw Saskatchewan and n Manitoba e across s Canada to Nova Scotia and s locally to sc Calif., n Nevada, n Utah, Colorado, and from Nebraska e to sc Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New England.

Phaetusa simplex  LARGE-BILLED TERN.  Rivers, lakes, estuaries.  Lowlands to 3500 m, w of the Andes in w Ecuador; from Colombia in the c Andes in Cauca; e Andes in Boyacá; Venezuela, Margarita I., Trinidad and Guianas s, e of the Andes, to n,e Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina s to Córdoba and Buenos Aires.
Anous stolidus  BROWN NODDY.  Sandy beaches, trees on islands; pelagic in winter.  Islands from Ryukyu, Bonin and Hawaiian from Kure e to Moku Manu and Manana off Oahu, s to islands off w,n,e Australia s to Houtman Abrohos Is. off W. Australia and Raine I. off Queensland, Norfolk I., Fiji, Tonga on Eua and Kalau is., and s Polynesia e to Sala-y-Gómez; from Revillagigedo, Tres Marías, Tres Marietas and Isabela is. off w Mexico, s to Costa Rica on Cocos I., Colombia on Octavia Rocks and Gorgona I., and Galapagos Is.  From the Dry Tortugas and Bahamas s through W. Indies to islands off Yucatán Pen. on Alacrán Reef, Belize, Isla San Andrés, Venezuela from Las Aves e to Margarita, Tobago and Trinidad and French Guiana.  Islands in c,s Atlantic on Trindade, Ascension, St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha and Gough islands; islands in Gulf of Guinea off w Africa (breeding records in Gulf of Guinea Is., Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Aldabra, Comores, Madagascar, Mascarene Is.).  From islands in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Laccadive Is., s to Seychelles, Madagascar; islands off Sumatra incl. Nias and possibly others, and Kebantuan I. off se Belitung.

Anous minutus  BLACK NODDY.  Trees on islands, rock ledges; pelagic in winter.  Is. from Philippines, Palau, Wake, Marcus and Hawaiian is. s to Kebuantuan I. off Belitung, Borneo, New Guinea, ne Australia on Great Barrier Reef off Queensland; Norfolk I., Fiji, Kalau in Tonga, and Tuamotu; Clipperton I., Cocos I. off Costa Rica.  Southwest Cay off Belize (formerly?) and Los Roques, possibly Las Aves off Venezuela; islands in s Atlantic from St. Peter and St. Paul's Rocks to Fernando de Noronha, St. Helena, Gulf of Guinea and (formerly) Tristan da Cunha on Inaccessible I.  Ranges at sea in tropical Pacific and Atlantic oceans; in the S. Atlantic ranges n to, and breeds on, Príncipe I. in the Gulf of Guinea (Aug. 1991 records from D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).

Anous tenuirostris  LESSER NODDY.  Trees on islands, mangroves; pelagic in winter.  Seychelles, Mascarene Is. (breeds), Madascar.  Houtman Abrolhos Is. off W. Australia.  Sometimes treated as conspecific with A. minutus.
Procelsterna cerulea  BLUE-GREY NODDY.  Breeds on coastal cliffs and sandy beaches.

P. c. cerulea.  Islands from n Marshall Is., and Hawaiian islands on Gardner Pinnacles, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa, and Kaula, s to Fiji and Samoa, e to Marquesas, Tuamotu, Henderson, Easter, Sala-y-Gómez and San Ambrosia.
P. c. albivitta.  Lord Howe I., Norfolk and Kermadec is., and Tonga.  No evidence that albivitta is a separate species.

Gygis alba  COMMON WHITE-TERN.  Trees on islands, rock ledges. Breeds on the Seychelles, Mascarene, Aldabra and Comores islands.  Islands in tropical Pacific from Caroline, Marshall and Hawaiian is. on Kure e to Kaula; Oahu; s to Bismarck Arch. on Wuvulu, Ninigo and Tench I.; Nguria Is., s to Norfolk I., Kermadec Is., Tonga, Society Is., and Hatutu I. in the Marquesas; from Clipperton I. off w Mexico and Cocos I. off Costa Rica, s to Galapagos, Easter and Sala-y-Gómez is.  Islands in s Atlantic on Fernando de Noronha, Trindade, Martin Vas Rocks, Ascension and St. Helena.

Gygis microrhyncha  LITTLE WHITE-TERN.  Trees on islands, rock ledges.  Islands in Pacific Ocean in s China Sea on the Paracel Is., and the Line, Phoenix and Marquesas from Eiao to Fatu Hiva islands.  Sometimes treated as a race of G. alba.
Larosterna inca  INCA TERN.  Rocky seacoasts, islands.  Pacific coast and islands of sw S. American in Peru and n Chile s to Aconcagua.

SubfamilyALCINAE:
Friesen, et al. 1994.  J. für Orn. 135:30) compared 1045 bases of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene plus electrophoretic profiles of 37 allozyme loci among the species of Brachyramphus.  Among their conclusions is the recognition of B. perdix as a separate species, formerly included in marmoratus.  A complete account based on data for 22 extant species of alcines will be published in Mol. Biol. and Evolution in 1995.  In this paper (pers. comm.) the alcines are divided into six lineages (1). Dovekie, murres, Razorbill; (2). guillemots; (3). Xantus', Craveri's, Ancient and Japanese murrelets; (4). Long-billed, Marbled and Kittlitz's murrelets; (5). auklets (except Rhinoceros Auklet); (6). Rhinoceros Auklet and the puffins.

Alle alle  DOVEKIE or LITTLE AUK.  Pelagic and coastal, breeds on coastal cliffs.  On Baffin I.; coasts and islands of Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear I., Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya and North Land; probably St. Lawrence and Little Diomede is. in Bering Sea and e Ellesmere I. in Canadian Arctic.
Uria aalge  COMMON MURRE.  Pelagic and seacoasts, breeds on coastal cliffs.  From Greenland, Iceland, Bear I. and Novaya Zemlya s to British Isles, Iberian Pen., n France and c Norway; e Siberia from Kamchatka s to Sakhalin; e Korea, Japan and Kuril and Commander is.  From Cape Lisburne, Kotzebue Sound, Norton Sound and Diomede Is. in w Alaska s through Bering Sea islands of St. Matthews, Nunivak and Pribilof, to Aleutian Is., and from sc Alaska s along the Pacific coast to Farallon Is. and c Calif; e N. America from Labrador and se Quebec s to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

Uria lomvia  THICK-BILLED MURRE.  Pelagic and seacoasts; breeds on coastal cliffs.  Coasts and islands in Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, n Norway, Kola Pen., Novaya Zemlya, New Siberian I., Wrangel I., e Siberia from Chukotski Pen. s to Kamchatka and Sakhalin, and Kuril and Commander is.  From n,w,sw Alaska at Cape Lisburne, Kotzebue Sound and Diomede Is., s through Pribilofs to Aleutians, e to Kodiak, Middleton and St. Lazaria is., nw Mackenzie, and Prince Leopold, Bylot and e Baffin is., s to n Hudson Bay on Coats I., Chesterfield Inlet, n Quebec, Labrador, Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland.  Formerly Maine.
Alca torda  RAZORBILL or RAZOR-BILLED AUK.  Pelagic and seacoasts; breeds on coastal cliffs and rocky islands.  From Greenland e to British Isles, Bear I., Scandinavia and nw Russia on the Kola Pen., s to n Europe w to France.  From se Baffin I. and coast of Labrador s to se Quebec, e Newfoundland, s New Brunswick, e Maine on Machias Seal I. and Matinicus Rock, and Nova Scotia.

*Pinguinus impennis  GREAT AUK. Extinct.  Last specimen in 1844.  Bred on Bird Rocks in the Gulf of  St Lawrence, Funk I. off Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland and St. Kilda in the Outer Hebrides, possibly elsewhere in the nw Palearctic.  Subfossil bones have been found on the Murman coast of the Barents Sea ca. 400 km e of the Varanger Fjord in ne Norway, the next nearest site in n Scandinavia (Potapova, O.  Poster at XXI Intl. Orn. Congr., 1994).
Cepphus grylle  BLACK GUILLEMOT.  Pelagic and seacoasts; breeds on rocky islands and coastal cliffs.  From Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles, Scandinavia, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear I., Franz Josef Land and Estonia e through nw Russia on the Kola Pen., Novaya Zemlya and New Siberian, Wrangel and Herald is. to ne Siberia on the Chukotski Pen. and Kuril and Commander islands.  N Alaska on St. Lawrence I. and from Cape Thompson e to Barter I. and n Yukon; from Ellesmere, Devon, Somerset, Bylot and e Baffin is. and n Labrador s to ne Keewatin, Hudson and James bays, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Maine and Nova Scotia.

Cepphus columba  PIGEON GUILLEMOT.  Pelagic and coastal; breeds on coastal cliffs and rocky shores.  Ne Siberia from Chukotski Pen. s to Kamchatka and Commander islands.  From n Alaska at Cape Lisburne and Cape Thompson s through islands in Bering Sea (Diomede, St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, Hall, Bogoslof) and w Alaska at Norton Sound, Cape Newenham and Cape Peirce, to s Alaska w to the Aleutians and s along Pacific coast to s California; Kuril Islands.
Cepphus carbo  SPECTACLED GUILLEMOT.  Pelagic and rocky coasts; breeds on coastal cliffs and rocky shores.  From Sea of Okhotsk s to Ussuriland, ne Korea, Sakhalin, Kuril Is. and n Japan on Hokkaido and n Honshu.
Brachyramphus marmoratus  MARBLED MURRELET.  Pelagic and seacoasts; usually nests in coastal coniferous forest on high limbs of tall trees; occasionally on the ground.  Most ground nests have been found in treeless areas in Alaska, but see note below.  Known to breed only in Alaska on the Kenai Pen. and Barren Is., w Washington and locally in n coastal California s to Santa Cruz County.  Probably in other places from Alaska to California, but nests difficult to find high up in tall trees.  Ford and Brown (1995. Wilson Bull. 107:178-179) cited previous records of ground nests and described one in old-growth forest on n Prince of Wales Island in se Alaska, ca. 13 km from saltwater.

Brachyramphus perdix  LONG-BILLED MURRELET.  Pelagic and seacoasts; nesting as in marmoratus.  Kamchatka and shores of Sea of Okhotsk.  Previously considered a subspecies of marmoratus.
Brachyramphus brevirostris  KITTLITZ'S MURRELET.  Pelagic and coasts; breeds on coastal cliffs, barren ground and rocky mt. slopes.  Mts. of Alaska from Point Hope s to Aleutians and e to Glacier Bay and the Russian Far East.  Day (1995. Condor 97:271-273) recorded nests in Katmai Natl. Park, Alaska, one was at ca. 2000 m elevation, 39 km from saltwater and 5.6 km from a rough, dangerous river; another nest was in a similar situation at 975 m elevation.  A nest at ca. 1000 m elevation, 5 km from saltwater and 2500 m from a river, was found in the Tavuvnan Mts. in the ne part of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia in 1990.

Synthliboramphus hypoleucus  XANTUS'S MURRELET.  Pelagic and coasts; breeds on the ground or in burrows on islands.  The two races (or species) breed on Santa Barbara I. and the San Benito Is., apparently with limited hybridization, and may be separate species.

S. h. hypoleucus.  Islands off s Calif. on San Miguel, Anacapa, Santa Barbara and possibly other Channel Islands; w Baja Calif. on Los Coronados, Todos Santos, San Benito, Natividad is.
 S. h. scrippsi.  Santa Barbara I. off s Calif., and Guadalupe and San Benito islands off nw Baja California.

Synthliboramphus craveri  CRAVERI'S MURRELET.  Pelagic and coasts.  Breeds in rock crevices on islands in the Gulf of Calif. n to Consag Rock; probably on islands n along Pacific coast of Baja Calif.
Synthliboramphus antiquus  ANCIENT MURRELET.  Pelagic and coasts, rarely on large lakes; breeds on rocky seacoasts or in burrows.  From Kamchatka s to Amurland, Sakhalin, Dagelet I., Korea, and Kuril and Commander is.  From s Alaska on the Aleutian, Sanak and Kodiak islands, s to the Queen Charlotte Is. and nw Washington on Carroll I.
Synthliboramphus wumizusume  JAPANESE MURRELET.  Pelagic and coasts; breeds on rocky islets and seacoasts.  Islands off s Japan in s Honshu, w Kyushu, incl. Izu Is.

Ptychoramphus aleuticus  CASSIN'S AUKLET.  Pelagic and coastal; breeds in burrows on islands.  Offshore islands from s Alaska w to Buldir I. in the Aleutians, s to s Baja Calif. on Asunción, San Roque and Guadalupe islands.
Cyclorrhynchus psittacula  PARAKEET AUKLET.  Pelagic and coastal; breeds on coastal cliffs, islands and rocky slopes and beaches.  From Chukotski Pen. s to Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka and Commander Is.  W Alaska from Diomede Is., Fairway Rock, Sledge I. and Norton Sound s to Pribilof and Aleutian islands, e to islands in Prince William Sound.
Aethia cristatella  CRESTED AUKLET.  Pelagic and coastal; breeds on rocky slopes, cliffs and beaches.  From Chukotski Pen., s to Kamchatka, Sakhalin and c Kuril Is.  From islands in Bering Sea on Diomede, Fairway Rock and Sledge I., and w Alaska on Norton Sound, s to Pribilofs and Aleutians e to Shumagin and Semidi is., but absent from Near Is.

Aethia pygmaea  WHISKERED AUKLET.  Pelagic and coastal; breeds on rocky slopes and beaches.  Commander and Kuril islands.  Aleutians e to Unimak and w to Buldir I.
Aethia pusilla  LEAST AUKLET.  Pelagic and coastal; breeds on rocky slopes, coastal cliffs and beaches.  Coast of Chukotski Pen.  From Diomede Is. s to Pribilof, Aleutian, Shumagin and Semidi islands.
Cerorhinca monocerata  RHINOCEROS AUKLET.  Pelagic and coastal; breeds in burrows on wooded islands.  From s Sakhalin and s Kuril is., s to Korea and Japan.  Pacific coast from sc,se Alaska w to Barren, Middleton, St. Lazaria and Forrester islands, s to the Farallon Is. off c Calif.

Fratercula arctica  ATLANTIC PUFFIN.  Pelagic and coastal; breeds on rocky slopes and burrows on coasts and islands.  From Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., Spitsbergen, Bear I. and Novaya Zemlya s to British Isles, nw France, n Scandinavia and nw Russia on the Kola Pen.  From Labrador s to se Quebec, Newfoundland, sw New Brunswick and Seal I. and Matinicus Rock off e Maine; Digges I. off nw Quebec.
Fratercula corniculata  HORNED PUFFIN.  Pelagic and coasts; breeds on cliffs and in burrows on rocky islands.  From Chukotski Pen. s to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and n Kuril and Commander islands.  From Diomede I. and Cape Lisburne in w Alaska s through islands in Bering Sea to Aleutians and s Alaska, s along coast to Queen Charlotte Is.

Fratercula cirrhata  TUFTED PUFFIN.  Pelagic and coastal; breeds in burrows on rocky slopes or islands.  From Chukotski Pen. s to Ussuriland, Sakhalin, n Japan and Kuril and Commander islands.  In nw N. America from Diomede Is. and Cape Thompson in w Alaska s to Aleutians and s Alaska, s along coast to the Farallon Is. off c Calif.  Formerly on Anacapa I.

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