To know
 |
No part may be ever reproduced in any form without the express |
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1. SEQUENCES
- Author's notes
Classifications are always object of "arguments".
There is a strong controversy about the attribution
to certain groups, and about the interrelations between sequences and orders
or families included in the Passeriformes' Order.
However, the greatest part of the groups of
dealt Families is adopted by everybody, and maintains its identity even
if the acquaintance on the mutual relations between several species
of birds becomes deeper with much promising searches.
In the last years the attention of the ornithologists
has addressed on the Dna-dna HYBRIDIZATION (not the same as desossiribonucleici
acids) by Sibley C.G. & Ahlquist J.E. (Phylogeny and classification
of Birds - To study in Molecular Evolution), based on chemical-physical
parameters of behavior in solution of the DNA.One way that would have to
concur to draw information of philogenetic type from the genetic material
is that the tree of the life has been reconstructed with the ramification
outline.
Some authors have (arbitrarily) modified the
name of various Kinds.
Not being to us the approval but to the I.C.Z.N.
I have left unchanged the existing terminology.
Example:
BOWDLERIA,MCLENNANIA,BUETTIKOFERELLA which
have replaced MEGALURUS,
or
MEGALURUS,TRICHOCICHLA which have replaced
ORTYGOCICHLA
or
LICHENOSTOMUS which has been partially replaced
by Kind MELIPHAGA, and others.For Kinds CYANOLOXIA, CYANOCOMPSA, GUIRACA
and PORPHYROSPIZA, Peters' is PASSERINA
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2. NOTES On The "Sibleyan
Theory"
Sibley & Monroe, jr (Distribution
and Taxonomy of Birds of the world) have in many ancient cases restored
"taxa" (vs. other classificationary sequences used in the ornithologists'
world) reviewing the original Kind assigned from the discoverer of the
species or the Kind proposed from another student or upgraded a Subgenus
to a Kind.Example:
PSAROCOLIS in OCYALUS (ancient CASSICUS)
or
GYMNOSTINOPS (Subgenus)
Restoring ancient "taxon" and the Kinds in
the aforesaid way, the ordering of the sort, in the comparisons of the
conventional sequence, assumes an "innovative aspect".
With the "proposal" new sequence, derived
from the Dna-dna HYBRIDIZATION, has been brought marginal modifications
and substantial to what the International Code of Zoologic Nomenclature
states.
Reviewed by Alberto Masi.
In my opinions, I share in part the marginal
modifications, convinced that whichever modification must (before being
put into effect) be subordinate to the approval of the I.C.Z.N. -.
These modifications (with the new sequence,
too), having not found some any positive reply, are not put into
the taxonomic state.
Only the time (and other, deeper searches)
will tell us if the theory adopted from the Sibley & Ahlquist could
be thought a "new" point of departure in order to pursue the acquaintance.
Personally I praise Professor Sibley and others
for having brought again to attention the drowsy classificationary interest
(because in the ornithological world there are groups favorable to the
"Sibleyan theory"
which begin to delineate themselves with the adoption of the "new classification")
and for having rendered various slight knowledge of the Taxonomy to the
capacity of all in a simple and concise way.
The witnesses recall the most recent tassonomic
observations (considering the date of press) beyond personal judgments
of eminent scientists.
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3. NEGATIVE SEARCH - Uncertain positioning
If searching a Subspecie must be had
the surprise to find the nominative case not correctly found out, is advised
to try again from the "SEARCH: Species "(or vice-versa).
It's not to exclude that some authors consider
some Subspecies as Species: it depends on the criterion and the adopted
sequence.Example:Muscicapa williamsoni ( BirdsofSouth-East
Asia pag.380) for author ( King & Dickinson) is species.
In the NEORNITHES subspecies is just
one, dauurica Muscicapa williamsoni (12#:Peters, Xi-319) .The
authors make their point in banning the species which use the Latin binomial...
the trinomial are used formally, to demonstrate that in their country species
exist alone.
It is unavoidable and under a sure aspect
the writing shape ( ) is from considering "lawful illicit"
an "allowed shape".Just to give an example, in Italy the Merlon (that is
not an endemic specie) would have been named "Turdus merula merula" (and
for precision, with the added one of Linnaeus, 1758).
If therefore he was the reader, he would immediately
think to a Subspecies, while the actual bird wants
itself to be indicated on the territory (that
is, it's a subspecie. Species whose "corologic category" corresponds to
its Paleartic-Oriental distribution)
| This indicates how much the taxonomic examination
(or the search of the same one from a database) can
become complex when it's done incorrectly and without a minimum of acquaintance of the systematic status. |
You should remember that the SPECIES assumes the name just in function of the "taxon" of its belongings.
other examples:
Ficedula albicollis semitorquata (Peters, Xi-338) subspecies, which is present also in the NEORNITHES, is brought back to Species by the Sibley (semitorquata Ficedula) as an interpretation of Voous's suggestion (1977: Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World, page 527).
Always as an example, to page 343 of the Peters,
vol.XI, the famous one at the bottom of the page evidences as ssp.
the Ficedula solitaris submonilinger. This from various authors it is considered
ssp. ascribed to other Species (it is read 'monileger').
According to the famous one in Sibley, page
527 (12#:top), "submonilinger" being Species to himself could be considered.
Arsesinsularis (Meyer, 1874) is brought back from the Sibley, page 495 (top) as a "Species" favouring the personal comment of R.Schodde. In the Peters, Xi-514 (and in the NEORNITHES: nomina avium) it is an "ascribed subspecies" to the species Arsestelescophalmus (Garnot, 1827).
Rhipiduraorissae (Ripley, 1955) was considered
as a "Species".
Since 1964, you see famous Peters, Xii-533
subspecies: Rhipidura albicollis orissae - Ripley, 1955. In the NEORNITHES:
nomina avium, it is Ssp.
Sittanagaensis - Godwin-Austin, 1874 is in
the Neornithes (: Peters, Xii-131) that in the Sibley (page 555) it
is Species.
Other authors consider it as a Ssp of europaea Sitta - Linnaeus, 1758.
Chlorospingusta carcunae - Griscom, 1924 brought
back like Sp from the Sibley and the Neornithes:
nomina avium, following the Wetmore.
The same one is considered [flavigularis]
ssp. from Hellmayr (12#:1936) and [ophthalmicus] ssp. from the Zimmer (12#:1947).
The same one is worth for some Kinds, like
as an example arcaei BUTHRAUPIS, "melanochalmys", "rothschildi", "edwardsi"
and "aureocincta" tha some authors assign to kind BANGSIA. In the same
way, kind HALCYON (monachus) brought back in part like ACTENOIDES (monachus)
while in the NEORNITHES: nomina avium figures as Halcyon monacha (see 3,2
- grammatical Kind).
| The classification for excellence does
not exist so far.
Classifications match their authors' point of view. |
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4. Specific name of species
KIND GRAMMATICALE
(male, female or
neutral suffix)
Sometimes the specific names of the species
won't correspond in their written form because of their varied suffixes.
| It shouldn't be considered as an error but just as the response of the NEORNITHES: nomina avium to the dispositions dictated from the ICZN. |
Some authors, in order to give an example, bring back in the writing the species "erythropleura" (Zosterops) using the female one.
The indication corresponds to "erythropleurus" name to the male one. In fact, I.C.Z.N [ 1985: 549, art. 30(a)(ii)] has deliberated that all the final names in -ops; must be conjugated to the male one.
Other examples, "hypoxanthus" (Neodrepanis) at the male one is wrong.
The correct term is "hypoxantha" at the feminine
one. Or "scutatus" (Synallaxis) male, wrong and "scutata" to the feminine
one, corrected.
Pluvialis obscurus and not "obscura". Fulicaria
Phalaropus and not "fulicarius".
The search becomes emblematic when some authors
"use" a not conventional Kind.
For this reason it's advisable to use the
"option kind" in the Search options.
| In this option also the wrong "and" not conventional "Kinds" are brought back. |
Example:
LICHENOSTOMUS flavus (Gould, 1843) used from
the Sibley [pag.431] in place of "corrected" MELIPHAGA flava (Gould, 1843)
of the Peters, 12#:XII pag.373.
Like already recommended from the Tawny Lanza (12#:1982 Dictionary of the Animal Reign), I turn I invite it automatically not to conclude to find in front of a mistake in presence of allies by marriage mismatchings between the kind of a name and that one of one its species in how much the specific name always does not correspond to an adjective (in the which case prevails that its kind - in literal sense - it comes of the sort come to an agreement with that one - in systematic sense to which it refers), but also to one affixing.
Example :
not always the specific denomination "brevicauda"
has been applied which nominative feminine singular of the adjective "brevicaudus",
- to, - um, instead of the used corrected one "brevicaudatus" but like
affixing (= with the short tail) and therefore undeclinable.
It's to remember also that the kind of a scientific generic name doesn't always match that of the correspondent Italian name: e.g. "Ibis", scientific kind, is female; the correspondent "Ibi" (or "Ibis") in Italian, is male.
The 'wrong' name can (in the limits of the possible wrong names) be used as a search key in order to retrieve the correct one.
: CONTAINED - ERRONEOUS GRAFIA
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5. "NEORNITHES: nomina avium ": PURPOSE
It is an instrument of search of our "computer
science" age: a database with a simple, built-in specific program
that allows to explore a huge archive of data about the birds, with multiple
search keys.
This archive has been built from famous lists like "the Peters", which can be considered "the list of the lists" for its great, universal, recognized and acquired merit. That is the more used list in the world, and a reference for every indexing or sequence of that recorded data.
Even if it's considered the more reliable list,
the real last one will maybe never exist.
| The NEORNITHES wants to be a support for people who don't have the possibility to consult a huge, specialized library, because it offers fast and exhaustive searches of the basic data of the formal taxonomic hierarchy. |
Because it also contemplates a wide range of
hard to find information "immense little easy-to-find news range",
where it is necessary, one advises to the completion of the data through
the specific Field Guides or of the witnesses cited in bibliography.
| For this reason, the NEORNITHES allows the user to add new data 'ex-novo' and to modify the already existing. |
In order to achieve that aim, we recommend the maximum attention in order not to delete the already stored data.
"Author" is the term used to indicate the author of a scientific name, that is the person who first published the description of one species.
The LATIN NAME is constructed following the international rules for the zoologic nomenclature (*) and follows the one suggested by James Lee Peters (and followers) in Check-list of Birds of the World, 1931 - 1962.
(*) Art. 11, International Tails of Zoological Nomenclatures: "the scientific name of animals must be expressed in Latin or must be Latinized, or must be constructed so as you think it deals to you as Latin words."
When an erroneous written form has been found, it has in some cases been corrected following the I.C.Z.N. directives; this last one has been left in the database, you can find it in the Notes field.
The "frequently used erroneous written form" approached by the traditional school, has been treated by Neornithes as "famous of dismissal" respect to the right term.
The discussed written form and the proposed
one are reported just as "acquaintance" because they're lacking in scientific
worth. The given English terminology is the one which has been adopted
from the Committee of the International Ornithological Congress of
Wien, 1994.
| The ITALIAN NOMENCLATURE, beyond to the names of the already existing birds and consolidated to you, pertaining to the ornithological lexical of common use, reruns "ex novo" to the terminology taken from the translation of the Latin name with the comparison and the free translation from the English names. |
For the ENDEMIC SPECIES it would have been opportune to use the local name. This, but some cases (e.g. the Drepanididi of the Archipelago of the Hawaii isles that unusually have maintained to the given name they originally given by the NATO) has become not feasible for the objective impossibility of application to the Italian language beyond that for the difficulty in it pronounces and in the writing.
They are resorted to the transliteration of the name of the Family and of the sort meaning "to of the sort frame" with the transliteration of the name of the Family the species and with the transliteration of the name, " the peculiarity" of the bird.
I have used also terms deriving from the Aristhothelic Classicism which became necessary for the determination of particular groups of tropical birds, however it indicates to you in the ornithological lexical of our Country.
e.g. "Parula-direction", which stands for BASILEUTERUS
Approximately the terms (improper) used from people fond of ornithology, they have been considers only the assimilable names you that for tradition make part integrating of the popular ornithological nomenclature and therefore to the "names alternated to you".
The NAMES REPLACED from the "Hand-list of the generate species of birds" of Sharpe R.B. (voll. I-V et Index, 1899-1909) and Omonym Names or Synonyms (NOMEN OBLITUM, NOMEN NUDUM) and the INVALIDATED NAMES and SUPPRESSED from I.C.Z.N. names, and some names recalled from the "official literature" as pertaining to HYBRIDS) find reply in the NOTES field.
In some cases I have thought right to conserve without "alteration" the scientific name, the endemic name (*), those "endiadi" and of onomathopeic origin.
(*) like for some Kinds "formicarie" and others
The words in the written form are brought back in correct way and not modified (e.g.: forehead white woman and "frontebianca") not preferring the literal construction of the name with adapted phonetic and the conservation of the scientific sense (*)
Where it has been possible I have avoided to cite the name of the bird with the name of the author or of the person to which the species came dedicated, giving to priority to the morphologic character or the specific name (example: Urosticte benjamini (Bourcier, 1851) = Colibri from the tip white woman and Benjamin's Colibri [Leadbeater is not read ]. Contrary case: Phylloscopus subviridis (Brooks, 1872).
(*) For some names I have preferred to write the term separatedfrom an hyphen to evidence qualifying of the bird.
(alimentary style of life, habits), e.g.:"spider-eaters" ("Mangiaragni") or "Flowerpecker" ("Beccafiori") or "Cincia-averla" and Cincia, not the awful "Cinciaverla".
(* *) Beccogrosso is the term (written for entire) used for some species ascribed to the kind PHEUCTICUS = Cardinale-beccogrosso.
In order to adapt the Italian nomenclature
to that of the European Countries, where it is possible, we have just a
little used a recently introduced term, EURASIAN, even if it's unusual
for the Italian ornithology.
| The adaptation of the literally translate
English terms, must be considered EXTENSION to the future similarity of
the nomenclature hoping that the adoption of just obly one Check-List
for the Countries interested from the Western Paleartic, conforming the
terminology.
That although is from holding in consideration that the identification of some groups with the English name badly is suited to the Italian nomenclature; therefore one will be noticed in some cases substantial difference. |
The GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION takes advantage of one acronym put in front to the relative detailed list. Such acronym, brought back in the Biogeographical Regions for the examination, wants to make to visualize with immediacy the distribution * of the taken NOMINAL SPECIES in examination.
Moreover, the main interested Countries are transcribed for extend, distances to you from hyphens one or two, with the meant one "from... to", for the comprehensible use of less space.
The distribution area of the indicated SUBSPECIES
is also under the above described criterion.
| The eventual visualized asterisk to flank of a Country (like as an example: Paraguay * or n.Peru *) wants to indicate one VARYING or mentioned in scientific banns but not taken LOCAL Ssp in consideration in the actions of the I.C.Z.N. |
The NEORNITHES, just as information, fills for extended all data recalled to you in the NOTES field with the locale terminology * varying? (also: *varying?)
We can say without fear to exaggerate that
not there is on the earth some Region, for how much small, than is not
inhabited or at least flown over periodically from the birds, with the
only exception of the inner part of the Arctic Continent.
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The adopted SEQUENCE is that classic (classification
is of "the formal" type), called from the students "Basel Sequence" (*
* )
(*). It traces the sequence of the Families of Ernst Mayr, modern father of the systematic one, after that one proposed from Alexander Wetmore (and followers)to the job of the Peters.
(* *) from the name of the city of Basel where in the 1954 the XI International Ornithological Congress has been carried out. Also known as "Traditional Sequence".
On the whole i have taken advantage of Successory Check-lists of "BIRDS OF THE WORLD" by James Lee Peters (1931-1962).
For a general control of the species, of the text of Edward S. Gruson (assisted from Richard A. Forster). To CHECKLIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE WORLD, 1976, Collins Sons & Co., Ltd - London and to WORLD CHECKLIST OF BIRDS by Burt L.Monroe Jr & Charles Gald Sibley, 1993, Yale University Press, New Haven & London.
For checking the names alternated to those
in the English Language, of the text by Walter Lodge: Birds Alternative
Names - To World Checklist, 1991, Blandford, London and of the text by
Graham Pizzey; to Field Guides to Birds of Australia, 1985, Collins, Sidney.
| The NOTES are relative to the given Kind
in the taxonomy in biochemistry sequence derived from the
technique of molecular hybridization Dna-dna by C.G.Sibley and J.E.Ahlquist (1988, 1990). E.g.: * CYORNIS *. |
Like all the authors who deal with Classification,
the Sibley also re-proposes things already contemplated by Peters (e.g.
GUADALCANARIA and other Kinds).
The asterisk (*) at the beginning of the NOTES
field evidences that for the examined species (and for the subspecies,
therefore) there is a "famous one" indicated. This is always found
in the schedule, at the beginning of that specie (as "former name" or "replaced
name").
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top
The sign # evidencesa "famous taxonomic". The colon (:) means "that is".
* only * it is for species known only in the
stated area.
* * ambiguous (or from uncertain positions)
species or subspecies.
The question mark indicates anyway "uncertainty".
* varying local * indicates a series
of variations relative to a species or subspecies (cited in the ornithological
literature) but that for "the validity" of the same one does not exist
the approval of the I.C.Z.N.
[ varying geographic # population ]. you see
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
These are custom definitions
Species = Sp., Subspecies = Ssp, Superspecies = SSp
There is a NUMBER which is not contemplated (something like w.n. - - - -) which represents the numeration of the General Archive indicating the DOS version search record.
Numeration WORLDNUMBERS, indicated (w.n. - - - - ) follows the sequence to level Family of the Peter's sequence; it comes from G.C. Sibley's and B.Monroe, Jr "Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World", that completes the numeration of the "BirdMaster Rows" (BMDF) by P.W. Smith, 1985.
The geographic numeration is arranged as follows:
from
the
- 0001
1000 A.O.U.
- 1001
1954 Center America-West India
- 2001
2994 Paleartic
- 3001
3983 the Oriental-Sumatra-Borneo-Giava-Philippines
- 4001
4981 South America (Colombia-Venezuela)
- 5001
5981 South America + Galapagos islands
- 6001
6759 South Africa + Indian Is. Ocean
- 7001
7859 Africa
- 8001
8568 Australia-New Zealand
- 9001
9881 Wallacea-New Guinea-Oceania
(w.n.) it determines the Species with (.) the
final one, e.g. ( w.n.9820.) and the subspecie nominal without (.)
the final one, e.g. (w.n.9820).
Others subspecies, ascribed to the recalled
species, are evidenced adding a progressive number, e.g. : (w.n.9820.1),
or (.n.9820.2) without (.) the final one.
When a specie is involved in a subspecie of
another specie, immediately introduces a progressive number without the
final point (.)
E.g. Lichenostomusmelanops (w.n.8490.), ssp. cassidix (w.n.8491)
The symbols \, > indicate the areale of migration or svernamento.
Some Subspecies are brought back also like
Species and some Species dealt (also) like Subspecies (: over)
That denotes the uncertainty that still today
permane, to testimony of problematic the anchor to resolve approximately
the concepts of "Allospecie" and "Superspecie" .
The species "introduced" has not been taken in consideration even if in some cases they are brought back.
PHYLUM: one of the greater groupings used in classifying the plants and the animals. Group of animals with one identical general structure and coming from with emergency from one common source. In the zoologica classification several PHYLA are distinguished. All the vertebrati ones belong to the phylum of cordati (the provisti animals of an axis center them that it is the vertebral column).
The birds are ascribed to the PHYLUM Cordati.
CORDATI: Animals with one notocorda . NOTOCORDA: elastic skeletal cord that runs on the back, under the tubular system, in the embryo and the adults of all the cordati members of the phylum .
In the development the skeletal elements of the vertebral column encircle the notocorda .
POLIFILETICO: whose ancestors belong to various phyla .
BIRDS: members of the Animal Reign of type CHORDATA,sottotipo the VERTEBRATA and class AVES. Every single individual possesses branchial fissures, a neurale channel dorsal cable, one colonnavertebrale, a neurale crest, pens and front limbs transform to you in wings.
NEORNITHES: Sottoclasse of birds, contrapposta
to that one of the Archeorniti , which the going back shapes belong
all today living and known to the Cretaceous one and the geologic periods
succeeded to you.
All have short tail with the last ones vertebre
fused to form a pigostile and all, except the fossil group of the Odontalci,
are lacking in teeth.
MORPHOLOGY: study of the shapes, following the historical development of the species; search of the external shape and the inner structure of the organs during their development and to the adult state.
SYSTEMATIC: branch of natural sciences that is taken care of the classification and the nomenclature of the organisms.
TAXONOMY (or TASSINOMIA) : division of the
TAXA in hierarchical groups forming in theirs with the pictures of the
biological classification.
The term is used also like synonym of SYSTEMATIC:
science that is taken care of the rules of the classification of the living
beings.
TAXON ( pl.TAXA): category or biological
systematic entity of whichever degree.
E' also the name of the category or entity
in the within of the official nomenclature.
CLINE: the existence, in breast to a species
or a subspecies or in other Taxa between analogous they, of a continuous
series
of variations of or more morphologic and/or
physiological characters along a transition line it acclimatizes
them or geographic. Variation that derives from one adaptation to the conditions
of the atmosphere.
CLASSIFICATION: system that expresses the evolutionary
interrelations between tassonomici groups orders in one exhausting hierarchy
to you that comprises them without superimpositions. In every TAXON all
the members come down from one
only common ancestor.
In this type of hierarchy the TAXA are disposed
in one series of categories of various degree.
For the birds class AVES is the category more
high degree, continuation from ORDERS, FAMILIES, KINDS and SPECIES. You
they can be also intermediate degrees like SUPERFAMILIES,SOTTOFAMIGLIE
and TRIBU '.
SEQUENCE: dispositions of TAXA adapted to the
books and data banks with similar linear limitations.
As an example, the groups piu'antichi and
primiti to you come before those piu'evoluti.
From a same classification various sequences
can be gained.
OSCINI: subdivision of the Order of the Passeriformi . Birds characterize to you from the complex structure of theirs siringe that of ago the best singers. It calls also ACROMIODI to you.
ENDEMIC: bird just to a region or a continent that is not found elsewhere.
HYBRID: "hybrida = bastard". Individual or taxon turning out from the crossing respective of genotipicamente various parents or taxa.
Stabilized hybrid that able one to transmit its nature ibri from indefinitely to the own descendancys, ability due to the fact to be allopoliploide, for which the meiosi it can proceed regularly, since every chromosome finds a its homologous one to which coupling itself for giving rise to to the stage zigotene ; it today for is considered like one being species to himself; it can be natural or obtained it hopes mentally.
HYBRIDIZATION: the action or the process that
determines the ibridismo or the practical series of necessary in order
to obtain it. Introgressiva hybridization is that one that involves the
incorporation of geniuses of a taxon in the pool genic of an other;
it can be taken place between two taxa, of
analogous rule two species or two subspecies of the same species, in the
areas in which parapatria or marginal simpatria comes to contact for: if
their hybrids are fecund, these stretch to reincrociarsi with the species
more abundant coming to form a population in which the greater part of
the individuals, also being similar those of taxon the more abundant they
possess also some characters of that little abundant.
UBIQUISTA: that it is recovered ovunque, than
alive everywhere, in all the atmospheres of a determined Country.
Example, the Merlon in Italy is ubiquista:
it is observed ovunque.
UMICOLO: that it lives on the land and that in this atmosphere passes the greater part of the existence (12#:Beccaccia).
ORDERS, FAMILIES and KINDS: subdivisions based
on the likenesses and the anatomical differences of the birds
that they reflect the evolutionary development
and the biological relations of every group.
A KIND groups between they similar shapes that is believed has had one common evolutionary origin.
A SOTTOGENEREaccorpa in the considered Kind
one thought Species Subspecies, evidencing in parenthesis
"species-group" .
Example: virenticeps = ssp of " Atlapetestorquatus"
Atlapetes ( torquatus)virenticeps
Atlapetes ( torquatus)atricapillus
Atlapetes ( torquatus)torquatus
Hierarchically inferior systematic SOTTOGENERE:categoria to the advanced Kind and to the Species.
SPECIES: systematic category immediately inferior to the Kind (or sottogenere) and advanced to the subspecies, to whichthe second Latin name in the nomenclature is classified trinomia with it begins them very small.
Species ALLOPATRICA (allopatrico) : when the areali are not overlapped. When they occupy a various areale from that one of other specie.[=Parapatrica ]
Species SIMPATRICA (simpatrico): when the arealisovrappongono .Quando are only taken care respective, even if in part, the same areale of an other species. That is, species near in the classification and that they have an identical geographic distribution or whose areali partially are overlapped.
Species EURIECIE : to wide distribution.
Species STENOECIE : localized.
ELEMENTARY SPECIES: Synonym of subspecies; sometimes this term is used as a synonym of "pure line".
SPECIAZIONE: The formation (or the process of formation) of a biological species, is verificantesi for as an example graduates them divergence from the group of belongings (second the succession subspecies-semispecie-species) that without warning for combination or transformation of genomes, like in the poliploidi case of the species.
SPECIOGRAFIA: The branch of the systematic one that has for object the distinction and the description of the species and the sottospecifiche entities.
SYSTEMATIC SPECIES (= LINNEANA): E' the species
in its running accezzione in biological field, dynamics entity and therefore
difficult to define with exactitude. It can be at least considered as with
of organisms between they intimately it becomes related to you, genetically
and morphologically similar the uni to the others (in the same sex and
corresponding stages of development), it equips you of ability it puts
into effect them or it upgrades them to intercross itself indefinitely
giving prole fecund. For more the s .s. it comprises a varied number of
subspecies, that is of populations or groups of allopatriche or parapatriche
populations, rule (at least in the animal reign), between distinguibili
they for a complex of hereditary characters.
Talora subspecies of the same one s .s. can
introduce insufficient or null ability to mutual crossing, especially when
they reach contact the extreme terms of a continuous series of subspecies
are disseminated to the periphery of an area in which the species it is
not present, having as an example in their complex one circumpolar distribution
or around one great montuosa chain, as the Karacoram or the Himalayas.
And, to the contrary, they can exist taxa able of giving experimentally
or, in exceptional cases also in more or less fecund nature, prole, but
that, for with of reasons, they come for more it considers you like species
already
various; in this case it is spoken about " semispecies" (synonymous: great
species, linneone,macrospecies, collective species, linneana species).
A group of organisms that can really or potentially intercross themselves among them, but that genetically are insulated from other analogous groups. The species conserves their mutual separation thanks to intrinsic insulating barriers that prevent the exchange of genetic material.
(Concept formulated from Theodosius Dobzhansky, resumed and modified by Ernst Mayr and Michael T.Ghiselin).
The biological concept of rifà species to the intuition of Buffon (1753) second which the species must be understanding like "riproduttiva community": with of the able individuals intercrossing itself between of they giving origin to prole similar to the parents and, in its turn, fecund.
Criterion adopted from C.G.Sibley & B.L.Monroe that whichever population raises to level of species whose members are "various" from those of other population to prescind from every consideration of interfecondità with other populations.
AS SUBSPECIES DEVELOPS ITSELF ONE
Where the populations of one given species
are separated from geographic barriers, somewhat various shapes for ransom
or color of the plumage can be developed, and so those populations may
be separately identified as races or subspecies.
An adult female could successfully intercross
itself with an adult male of one analogous subspecies, just if their distribution
areas are overlapped and the abitat is suitable. Considering subspecies
or separated species as the geographic distribution varies is an arbitrary
decision: there isn't any objective verification that concurs to judge
the specific condition of the geographic representatives whose distribution
areas are not combined.
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9. ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES
The species of birds comes from a subspecies or from geographic races and they all are passages through a period in which races remained insulated from other populations of the same species. In this insulation they have been able to develop themselves separately and in various atmospheres so different from the rest of the original population. If, as time went by, this insulated race came newly to contact, extending its distribution area, with the original species and from this remained distinguished for matters which deal with reproduction and with its habitat, we could say to be in front of one new species whose differentiating characteristics will be ulteriorly emphasized from natural selection.
If, on the other side, the secondary contact with the original species leads to a hybrid and fecund population, we must state that the formerly geographically insulated shape has still the degree of subspecies and isn't over the boundaries of the specifications.
The base building block of evolution is the Species: an aggregate of self-intercrossing natural populations. That doesn't mean that two birds which can intercross necessarily belong to the same species because, in nature, a "true species" can intercross with the others, however it can have a smaller or greater series of mechanisms that prevent it to reproduce with others. Those mechanisms of insulation are really a lot (different habitat, different voice, different age in which they are ready for the brooding).
KIND = word at the singular nominative case which begins in capitals (e.g. Caprimulgus)
SPECIES = simple or composed word in lower case, used as:
adjective of the same kind of the generic name (e.g. nubicus)
... or
singular nominative case in addition to the generic name (Phylloscopus nitidus) ; (lapponica Limosa)
... or
name to the genitive case: (Otus brucei) ; (Aquila verreauxii).SUBGENUS = word written between round brackets () between the Kind and the Species with the graphical character of species and in lower case:
Malurus (grayi) campbelli (Shodde-Weatherly, 1982)
Chlamydera (maculata) maculata (Gould, 1837)
The EUROPEAN classification, rather than
the AMERICAN, mantains the subfamilies pertaining to the Family of the
Muscicapidito
the Rank of Families.
FAMILY
The name of the family is formes from the -IDAE suffix added to the root of the name of the genus which the family belongs to. For a subfamily, the suffix to add is -INAE. The root doesn't have necessarily to be that one used in its literal classic Latin meaning, however it should be practically applicable to scientific Latin, with respect to the simplicity of the term and the way it sounds.
The root of a name is obtained removing the suffix from the singular genitive case.
Example:
kind 12#
Homo
genitive 12# Hominis
root 12#
Homin-
family 12#
Homin + idae; = Hominidae
- idae; italianized - idi;
- inae; "
- ini;
- formes ; "
- forms;
... their literal meaning is related
to the systematic categories.
The Latin suffix "-FORMES" and the Greek one "-MORPHA" have the same meaning: "which a shape of ..." e.g. PASSERIFORMES.
A FORMAL classification comprises:
Reign
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Kind
Species
Subspecies
A COMPLETE classification comprises: (*)
Reign
Order
Sub-reign
Suborder
Phylum
Superfamily
Subphylum
Family
Subfamily
Branch
Tribu
Class
Subclass
Subtribu
Infraclass
Kind
Cohors
Subgenus
Superorder
Species
Subspecies
(*) some of the terms are used very rarely.
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11. AS A CLASSIFICATION IS INSTITUTED
Institution of a biological Classification
is a process whichi involves more than one phase. Some hypoteses began
to be formulated on the classification of Groups (e.g. Alcedinidae and
Bucerotidae, thought as members of the same Group, the Coraciiformes Order).
These hypoteses are scientifically compared
to the taxonomic qualities of the characters in order to estimate the HOMOLOGY.
The analysis of the characters presupposes
the presence and the knowledge ("homologos" = for somewhat matching) of
a character who must be present in more organisms, philogenetically descendant
from the same present character in the most close common ancestor.
The characters are considered validated with
the assessment of the SIMILARITY. Once the paternal similarity is presupposed
(because of the common ancestor) it remains unchanged during the evolution
of every organism of the descendancies.
That is the acknowledgment of the similarity in the structure of the character in various species of the same Group.
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SEQUENCES'S AUTHOR LIST
Si rammenta che:
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*AUTHOR,
è il termine usato per indicare l'autore di un nome scientifico.
E' la persona che per prima ha pubblicato la descrizione di una specie
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"Author
data"
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