Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold
Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (February 17, 1796 in Würzburg - October 18, 1866 in Munich) was a German physician. He emerged as the first European to teach Western medicine in Japan. He obtained significance for his study of Japanese flora and fauna that were endemic to the unique biotic island landscape.Contents
1 Career
1.1 Early life
1.2 Japan
1.3 The Siebold Incident
1.4 Return to Europe
1.5 International reputation
1.6 Plants named after Siebold
1.7 Siebold museums
2 Published works
3 ReferencesCareer
Early life
Born in Würzburg city, Bishopric of Würzburg into a family of doctors and professors of medicine, von Siebold initially studied medicine at University of Würzburg from November 1815. One of his professors was Franz Xaver Heller (1775-1840), author of the Flora Wirceburgensis (flora of the Grand Duchy of Würzburg, 1810-1811). Ignaz Döllinger (1770-1841), his professor of anatomy and physiology, however, most influenced him. Döllinger was one of the first professors to understand and treat medicine as a natural science. Von Siebold stayed at Dollinger's, where he came in regular contact with other scientists. He read the books of Alexander von Humboldt, a famous naturalist and explorer, which likely raised his desire for travels to far-away, distant lands. Philipp von Siebold became a Doctor by earning his M.D. in 1820. He initially practiced medicine in Heidingsfeld, Germany (now part of Würzburg).Invited to Holland by an acquaintance of the family, von Siebold applied for a position as a military doctor. This position would enable him to travel to the Dutch colonies. He entered Dutch military service on June 19, 1822. He was appointed ship's doctor on the frigate Adriana on the voyage from Rotterdam to Batavia (present-day Djakarta) in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). On his trip to Batavia on the frigate Adriana, he practiced his knowledge of the Dutch language and rapidly learned Malay. During the long trip, von Siebold started a collection of sea fauna. He arrived in Batavia on February 18, 1823.
As an army medical officer, von Siebold posted with an artillery unit. He stayed, however, a couple of weeks at the residence of the governor-general to recover from illness. With his erudition, he impressed the governor-general baron Van der Capellen and the head of the botanical garden Buitenzorg Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt. Already, these men witnessed a second Engelbert Kaempfer and Carl Peter Thunberg (author of Flora Japonica), both former resident physicians at Deshima. The Batavian Academy of Arts and Science made von Siebold a member.
Japan
Sent to Dejima, the artificial island next to Nagasaki, in June 28, 1823, von Siebold arrived August 11, 1823 as the new resident physician and scientist to the island. During his eventful trip he barely escaped drowning during a typhoon in the East China Sea. Since only a very limited number of Dutch citizens were allowed on this island, the posts of physician and scientist had to be combined. At that time, Deshima was no longer in the possession of the Dutch East Indian Company but was kept running by the Dutch State, because of political reasons.Von Siebold invited Japanese scientists to show them the marvels of western science, learning in return through them much about the Japanese and their customs. After curing a local influential officer, von Siebold gained the ability to leave the trade post. He used this opportunity to treat Japanese patients in the greater area around the trade post.
Since mixed marriages were forbidden, von Siebold "lived together" with his Japanese partner Kusumoto Taki. In 1827 Kusumoto Taki gave birth to their daughter, Oine. Von Siebold used to call his wife "Otakusa" and named a Hydrangea after her. As a result of her father's efforts, Oine eventually became the first Japanese woman known to have received a physician's training, and became a highly-regarded practicing physician. She died in 1903.
Von Siebold began a medical school with 50 students appointed by the Shogun (see Rangaku). They helped the botanical and naturalistic studies of von Siebold. His school, the Narutaki-juku, grew into a meeting place for around 50 Rangakusha. Recognized by the Japanese, von Siebold served as an expert on Western science. The Dutch language became the [[lingua franca]] (common spoken language) for these academic and scholarly contacts until the Meiji Restoration.
His patients paid him in kind with a variety of objects and artifacts that would later gain historical significance. These everyday objects later became the basis of his large ethnographic collection, which consisted of everyday household goods, woodblock prints, tools and hand-crafted objects used by the Japanese people.
His main interest, however, focused on the study of Japanese fauna and flora. He collected as much material as he could. Starting a small botanical garden behind his home (there was not much room on the small island) von Siebold amassed over 1,000 native plants. In a specially built glasshouse he cultivated the Japanese plants to endure the Dutch climate. Local Japanese artists drew images of these plants, creating botanical illustrations and images of the daily life in Japan, which complemented his ethnographic collection. He hired Japanese hunters to track rare animals and collect specimens. Many specimens were collected with the help of his Japanese collaborators Keisuke Ito (1803-1901), Mizutani Sugeroku (1779-1833), Ohkochi Zonshin (1796-1882) and Katsuragawa Hoken (1797-1844), a physician to the Shogun. As well, von Siebold's assistant and later successor, Heinrich Bürger (1806-1858), proved to be indispensable in carrying on von Siebold's work in Japan.
Von Siebold first introduced to Europe such familiar garden-plants as the Hosta and the Hydrangea otaksa. Unknown to the Japanese, he was also able to smuggle out germinative seeds of tea plants to the botanical garden Buitenzorg in Batavia. Through this single act, he started the tea culture in Java, a Dutch colony at the time. Until then Japan had strictly guarded the trade in tea plants. Remarkably, in 1833, Java already could boast a half million tea plants.
During his stay at Deshima, he sent three shipments with an unknown number of herbarium specimens to Leiden, Ghent, Brussels and Antwerp. The shipment to Leiden contained the first specimens of the Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) to be sent to Europe.
In 1825 the East Indian Company provided him with two assistants: apothecary and mineralogist Heinrich Bürger (his later successor) and the painter Carl Hubert de Villeneuve. Each would prove to be useful to von Siebold's efforts that ranged from ethnographical to botanical to horticultural, when attempting to document the exotic Eastern Japanese experience.
Reportedly, von Siebold was not the easiest man to deal with; he was in continuous conflict with his Dutch superiors, who felt he was arrogant. This thread of conflict resulted in his recall in July 1827 back to Batavia. But the ship, the Cornelis Houtman, sent to carry von Siebold back to Batavia, was thrown ashore by a typhoon in Nagasaki bay. The same storm badly damaged Dejima and destroyed von Siebold's botanical garden. Repaired, the Cornelis Houtman set afloat. It left for Batavia with 89 crates of von Siebold's salvaged botanical collection, but von Siebold, however, remained behind in Dejima.
The Siebold Incident
In 1828 von Siebold made the court journey to Edo. During this long trip he collected many plants and animals. But he also obtained from the court astronomer Takahashi Kageyasu several detailed maps of Japan and Korea (written by Ino Tadataka), an act strictly forbidden by the Japanese government. When the Japanese discovered, by accident, that von Siebold had mapped northern parts of Japan, the government accused him of high treason and of being a spy for Russia.The Japanese ordered von Siebold into house arrest and expelled him from Japan on October 22, 1829. Satisfied that his Japanese collaborators would continue his work, he journeyed back on the frigate Java to his former residence, Batavia, in possession of his enormous collection of thousands of animals and plants, his books and ... his maps. The botanical garden of Buitenzorg would soon house von Siebold's surviving, living flora collection of 2,000 plants. He arrived in the Netherlands on July 7, 1830. His stay in Japan and Batavia had lasted for a period of eight years.
Return to Europe
Von Siebold arrived just at a time when, in 1830, political troubles erupted in Brussels, leading soon to the Belgian independence. Hastily he salvaged his ethnographic collections in Antwerp and his herbaria specimens in Brussels and brought them over to Leiden. Unfortunately, he left behind his botanical collections of living plants that were sent to the University of Ghent. The consequent expansion of this collection of rare and exotic plants led to the horticultural fame of Ghent. Nevertheless, the University of Gent presented him in 1841, in gratitude, specimens of every plant from his original collection.Von Siebold settled in Leiden, taking with him the major part of his collection. The "von Siebold collection," containing many species type specimens, was the earliest botanical collection from Japan. Even today, it still remains a subject of ongoing research, a testimony to the depth of work undertaken by von Siebold. It contained about 12,000 specimens, from which he could describe only about 2,300 species. The whole collection was purchased for a handsome amount by the Dutch government. As well, von Siebold was granted a substantial annual allowance by the Dutch King William II and was appointed Advisor to the King of Japanese Affairs. In 1842 the King even raised von Siebold to the peerage as an esquire.
Title page of Flora JaponicaThe "von Siebold collection" opened to the public in 1831. He founded a museum in his home in 1837. This small, private museum would eventually evolve into the National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden.[1] Seibold's successor in Japan, Heinrich Bürger sent Siebold three more shipments of specimens collected in Japan. This flora collection formed the basis of the Japanese collections of the National Herbarium of the Netherlands[2] in Leiden and the natural history museum Naturalis (National Natuurhistorisch Museum)[3]
During his stay in Leiden, he authored Nippon in 1832, the first tome of a richly illustrated ethnographical and geographical work on Japan. It also contained a report of his journey to the Shogunate Court at Edo. Given the scale of von Siebold's other publications, he proved to be quite prodigious; as six more tomes would appear until 1882.
Coloured plate of Cephalotaxus pedunculata in Flora Japonica, by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard ZuccariniMore over, the Bibliotheca Japonica appeared between 1833 and 1841. This work was co-authored by Joseph Hoffmann and Kuo Cheng-Chang, a Javanese from Chinese extraction, who had journeyed along with von Siebold from Batavia. It contained a survey of Japanese literature and, in addition, a Chinese, Japanese and Korean dictionary.
The zoologists Coenraad Temminck (1777-1858), Hermann Schlegel (1804-1884) and Wilhem de Haan (1801-1855) "scientifically" described and documented von Siebold's collection of Japanese animals. The Fauna Japonica, a series of monographs published between 1833 and 1850, was mainly based on Siebold's collection, making the Japanese fauna the best-described non-European fauna - a remarkable feat for von Siebold. A not insignificant part of the Fauna Japonica was also based on the collections of Siebold's successor on Dejima, Heinrich Bürger.
Additionally von Siebold produced his Flora Japonica in collaboration with the German botanist Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini (1797-1848). It first appeared in 1835. The completed version, however, did not appear until after his death, finished in 1870 by F.A.W. Miquel (1811-1871), director of the Rijksherbarium in Leiden. This work established von Siebold's scientific fame, not only--and already--in Japan, but in Europe as well.
From the Hortus Botanicus Leiden--the botanical gardens of Leiden--many of Siebold's plants started their conquest of Europe and from there to other countries. Hosta and hortensia, Azalea, and the Japanese butterbur and the coltsfoot as well as the Japanese larch were the conquest that, then, begun to inhabit gardens across the "world," which likely consisted of the Colonial Trans-Atlantic, where trade flourished both in the North and the South, the East and the West of the two opposing hemispheres--the "Old World" and "New World."
International reputation
As a well-known expert on Japan, Siebold discovered that his expertise and opinions were sought after by a range of questioners. Whilst living in Boppard, from 1852 he was became involved in correspondence with Russian diplomats such as Baron von Budberg-Bönninghausen, the Russian ambassador to Prussia.Commodore Matthew C. Perry consulted Siebold in advance of his voyage to Japan in 1854.[4]
Though he is well known in Japan ('Shiboruto-san'), mentioned in the relevant schoolbooks, von Siebold is almost unknown to the Dutch, Germans or Americans, except among gardeners who admire many plants with the entitlement of the sieboldii and sieboldiana. The Hortus Botanicus in Leiden has recently laid out the "von Siebold Memorial Garden", a Japanese garden with plants sent by von Siebold. Japanese visitors come and visit this garden, to pay their respect for him.
Plants named after Siebold
The botanical and horticultural spheres of influence have honored von Siebold by naming some of the finest and most garden-worthy plants in their genera. Examples are as follows:Toringo Crab-Apple (Flowering Malus toringo var. sargentii, sieboldii)Acer sieboldianum or Siebold's Maple is a variety of maple native to Japan
Clematis florida "sieboldii" : a somewhat difficult Clematis to grow "well" but a much sought after plant nevertheless
Dryopteris sieboldii a fern with leathery fronds
Hosta sieboldii of which a large garden may have a dozen quite distinct cultivars
Magnolia sieboldii the under-appreciated small "Oyama" magnolia
Malus sieboldii the fragrant Toringo Crab-Apple, whose pink buds fade to white
Primula sieboldii the Japanese woodland primula
Prunus sieboldii, a flowering cherry
Sedum sieboldii a succulent whose leaves form rose-like whorls
Tsuga sieboldii a Japanese hemlock
Viburnum sieboldii; a deciduous large shrub (H: 4m by S: 6m) that has creamy white flowers in spring and red berried that ripen to black in autumn.
Insomuch as these examples demonstrate the honor gained by von Siebold, then so, too, are there more plants not mentioned as a tribute to him. (In addition, a type of abalone, "Nordotis gigantea" is known as Siebold's abalone and is prized for sushi.)In later years, von Siebold became an adviser on Japanese cultural and social issues for several governments. This position granted von Siebold a return to Japan as an "adviser" from 1859 till 1863. While back in Japan, he went to see Kusomoto Sonogi several times. His proposals for a "cultural" approach to the Japanese, instead of a "mercantile" approach were not appreciated by the Dutch government. The Dutch Government recalled von Siebold, first to Batavia and then to Holland. Disillusioned by this lack of understanding of Japan and his own failure to be appreciated, von Siebold returned to his native town of Würzburg, offering in vain his services to the French and Russian governments.
Siebold museums
Against this disillusionment, a testimony of the remarkable character of von Siebold is found in the several museums dedicated to him.A museum now stands in a transformed, refitted, formal, first house of von Siebold in Leiden: the Siebold Huis.
In Würzburg, Germany, a Siebold-Museum exists as well.
And, the city Nagasaki, Japan, pays tribute to von Siebold by housing the Siebold Memorial Museum on property adjacent to von Siebold's former residence in the Narutaki neighborhood.
His collections laid the foundation for the ethnographic museums of Munich and Leiden. Alexander von Siebold, his son to his European wife, donated much of the material left behind after von Siebold's death in Würzburg to the British Museum in London. The Royal Scientific Academy of St. Petersburg purchased 600 colored plates of the Flora Japonica.The European tradition of sending doctors with botanical training to Japan had been long in existence. Sent on a mission by the Dutch East India Company, Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716), a German physician and a botanist who lived in Japan from 1690 until 1692, ushered in this tradition of a combination of physician and botanist. The Dutch East India Company did not, however, actually employ the Swedish botanist and physician Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828), who arrived in Japan in 1775.
His other son Heinrich (Henry) von Siebold (1852–1908), continued part of his father's research. As well, he is recognized together with Edward S. Morse as one of the founders of modern archaeological efforts in Japan.
Published works
(1832-1852) Nippon. Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan und dessen Neben- und Schutzländern: Jezo mit den Südlichen Kurilen, Krafto, Koorai und den Liukiu-Inseln. 7 volumes, Leiden.
Revised and enlarged edition by his sons in 1897: Nippon. Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan ..., 2. veränderte und ergänzte Auflage, hrsg. von seinen Söhnen, 2 volumes, Würzburg and Leipzig.
(1829) Synopsis Hydrangeae generis specierum Iaponicarum. In: Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolina vol 14, part ii.
(1835-1870) (with von Zuccarini, J.G.) Flora Japonica. Leiden.
(1843) (with von Zuccarini, J.G.) Plantaram, quas in Japonia collegit Dr. Ph. Fr. De Siebold genera nova, notis characteristicis delineationibusque illustrata proponunt. In: Abhandelungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften vol.3, pp 717-750.
(1845) (with von Zuccarini, J.G.) Florae Japonicae familae naturales adjectis generum et specierum exemplis selectis. Sectio prima. Plantae Dicotyledoneae polypetalae. In: Abhandelungen der mathematischphysikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften vol. 4 part iii, pp 109-204.
(1846) (with von Zuccarini, J.G.) - Florae Japonicae familae naturales adjectis generum et specierum exemplis selectis. Sectio altera. Plantae dicotyledoneae et monocotyledonae. In: Abhandelungen der mathematischphysikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften vol. 4 part iii, pp Band 4 pp 123-240.
(1841) Manners and customs of the Japanese, in the nineteenth century. From recent Dutch visitors of Japan and the German of Dr. Ph. Fr. von Siebold. London: Murray 1841. (compiled by an anonymous author, not by Siebold himself !)References
^ Otterspeer, W. (1989). Leiden Oriental Connections, 1850-1940, p. 289.
^ Nationaal Herbarium Nederland
^ Naturalis homepage (in English)
^ Sewall, John S. (1905). The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas, p. xxxviii.
Eberhard Friese: Philipp Franz von Siebold als früher Exponent der Ostasienwissenschaften. = Berliner Beiträge zur sozial- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Japan-Forschung Bd. 15. Bochum 1983 ISBN 3-88339-315-0
Otterspeer, W. (1989). Leiden Oriental Connections, 1850-1940, Vol. V: Studies in the History of Leiden University. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 10-ISBN 9-0040-9022-3; 13-ISBN 978-90040-9022-4 (paper)
Sewall, John S. (1905). The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas, Bangor, Maine: Chas H. Glass & Co. [reprint by Chicago: R.R. Donnelly & Sons, 1995] ISBN 0-5482-0912-X
Yamaguchi, T., 1997. Von Siebold and Japanese Botany. Calanus Special number I.
Yamaguchi, T., 2003. How did Von Siebold accumulate botanical specimens in Japan? Calanus Special number V.
The Siebold herbarium
Life of von Siebold (in Dutch)
Fauna and flora Japonica
to the arrival of Siebold in Deshima, little had been confessed in west-Europa concerning the animal world of Japan.
The opperhoofd J.Cock Blomhoff showed its collection animals to Philipp Siebold became immediately enthusiastic and took themselves for to moor a collectie with Mr Bürger (zoöloog).
Dr. C.J. Temminck, director of the realm museum for natural historie in Leiden, got a letter in which he in 1824, of Siebold communicated that he intended an extensive zoological send collectie to Leiden.
There it will result be treated and in a serial monographs to be summarised in the ` fauna Japonica.
Temminck found a this good idea and described the country mammals.Hermann Schlegel (those in 1858, Temminck succeeded) examined the remaining gewervelden and the Willem the cock treated the ongewervelden.
There appeared between 1833 and 1850 six parts in forty-two deliveries with splendid gelithografeerde plates. In 1835, the first part of the ` flora Japonica written by professor Joseph Gerard Zuccarini in association with appeared Philipp von Siebold.Thanks to 2000 by the Siebold collected Japanese plant, which were possible under its hand range in the Rijksherbarium in Leiden been, prof. Zuccarini for the first time write a sound work concerning the flora of Japan.
Siebold wrote in French concerning the distribution, use and the Japanese names. By Zuccarini and pressed by the Steindruckerei Minsinger accompanied of ten images, signed in Munich established Siebold with this work its scientific name.
The Second part was eventually completed in 1870, F.A.W. Miguel.
Zuccarini were in 1848, deceased. In the meantime was in 1840 Dr. Pierot for the Dutch government in Deshima busy to repair the botanic garden. Him succeeded it to send seeds and live plants regularly to Leiden. In spite of its death during zeereis, plants Deshima continued come.
The most arrived in the leidse hortus and in Siebolds privétuin at LEADER village. Total came there, under the guidance of Siebold, 733 live types and 400 seeds of Japanese and Oostindische plants to Leiden.12 This book work cost a lot much money to spending all. Siebold tried the whole get gefinancieerd by visiting governments, universities and zoos and to ask financial support.Thus ordered Nicolaas the 1, tsar of Russia in 1834 seven copies, of ` Nippon. For individuals the purchase schier was impossible. In 1854, taler (German zilveren coin) had be paid for ` Nippon 187, the coloured version had produce 308 taler. The price for the first part of the ` flora Japonica amounted to 40 taler (coloured 80 taler). For the ` fauna Japonica became by part between 20 and 128 taler gevraagd.13 money lacks had to Philipp large effort the promised get parts of the several books on time spent. Some planned parts have appeared even never in very. Helene von Gagerne painted for its marry. Again love because Siebold the Dutch climate pleased badly, travelled he regularly to Germany. In the cure harbour of bath Kissinger he makes knowledge with the lieftallige person whose birthday it isperson whose birthday it is person whose birthday it is Helene von Gagerne. On 10 July 1845 the then 50 person whose birthday it is marries Philipp with Helene. They will live in the house ` Nippon in Leiden. On 16 augusts 1846 the couple gets their first zoon: Alexander been called. On only advise of a doctor, stays them in the summer months in the too wet house to the old rijn. Siebold buy franciscaner the convent Saint Martin in Boppard am Rhein. In this house the following children become born: on 27 September 1848 Helene, two years later on the same day Mathilde and on 21 July 1852 second zoon Heinrich is. In 1853, he sells the convent to the pruisische stands and moves to Bonn. Again he buys a house dense at the rijn. On 8 March 1854 its third zoon Maximilian becomes born. Japanese trade changed Siebold continues himself use for Japan and pleads at the Dutch government several grinds for aktievere politically with regard to this country. The Americans and the Russians zoeken contact with the Japaneses around 1852. For this reason Siebold press to an open come to trade agreement with Japan. Be knowledge of matter an advantage for the Netherlands are able produce and the Japaneses must hold back of a violent action against expatriate. Trade could would be conducted according to Siebold from Deshima with several countries. For Japan it tevens a guarantee must be, which the country was protected of undesirable foreign influences. The Dutch government under Thorbecke continues adopt however a waiting attitude. As Matthew Calbraith Perry on 8 July 1853 with four war ships in a Japanese port arrives and requires that Japan with America comes to a trade agreement, must the shogun a year reflect. In 1854, America closes as first a trade treaty with Japan. Later Groot-Brittanië, follow Russia and the Netherlands. During the negotiations with the Japaneses concerning the trade treaty the state lord dark Curtius succeeds get the banishment of Siebold, dating from 1929, withdrawn. To the East want Siebold gladly to Japan. The Dutch government had as from 1817 up to 1854, by means of the Dutch trade society, the only handelsrecht on Japan. To promote the trade put Siebold for to set up independent Japanese Handelsgezelschap. The government feel for this, however, but refer Siebold to the Dutch trade society. On 22 May 1858 Philipp put these for to set up faktorij in Deshima with him as a head. Furthermore he recommends the trade to Japan, but also the Japanese not restricting trade with China, formosa and promoting Korea. The Netherlands the Japaneses is able support at setting up a mail service of Nagasaki to sjanghai. In 1859, Siebold for two years it are appointed as an agent of the Dutch trade society at Japan. To be proposal as consul-generaal of the Dutch government at Japan be appointed, is rejected. However, he gets the task to ratify the trade treaty with Japan further. To 63 person whose birthday it is age Philipp prepare themselves von Siebold to a return to Deshima. Dr. Conradus Leemans is appointed as director of Siebolds etnographische collectie. Under its control the collectie moves to the Breestraat in Leiden and stands as ` realm since then confessed Japansch museum Von Siebold'.14 on 13 April 1859 embarks itself Philipp Franz von Siebold, agent of the Nederlandsche trade society, with its twelve and a half person whose birthday it is zoon Alexander in Marseille. With the mail steam boat ` Tiger sails them to Alexandria. Concerning country by means of caïro they reach suez. Suezkanaal is accomplished just in 1869. There go them ship to singapore. As from singapore they reach Batavia with a Dutch steam boat after three days. After consultation with the Dutch authorities at outside care wants Siebold rapidly further to Deshima. In singapore father and zoon to border of a Russian sailing ship that return them to sjanghai speed. In sjanghai arrived they must wait to English stomer them to Nagasaki can transport. Siebold with barb and first zoon Alexander is. In its pleased realm on 4 augusts 1859, after an obliged absence of 36 years, Siebold in the port of Nagasaki arrive. The old house of Siebold is inhabited by the Dutch commissioner in Japan, Dr. Jan hendrik Curtius. These inform him concerning the current complex political situation. The botanic garden whole had been neglected. Philipp and Alexander von Siebold got of the city holder of Nagasaki a small house in the temple complex Honrenji in the vreemdelingenkwartier of Nagasaki offered. ` Ehemalige Schüler..., frühere Patienten und Kranke, which ihre ganze Hoffnung auf pine so berühmten fremden Artz setzten, combing, meistens in Zeremonialkleidern, in pine temple. Mein Vater, straightened of the 30 Jahren long cousin praktiziert hatte, musste all sis Scharfsinn zusammennehmen, um all ärtzlichen Anforderungen zu became. 15 Alexander in its memories wrote. For the Dutch-Dutch-Indian-Indian government Siebold started a printing in Deshima. The ` open letters from Japan in 1861, Siebold were because of this pressed and were spent. In these letters Siebold tried its of making ideas concerning the Dutch policy in Japan to the Dutch trade society clear. Siebold was afraid of the latent alien fear at the Japaneses and the quite on money belustte trade manner of the english and Americans. Siebold presented again only open Nagasaki as a Japanese realm port for the trade. The rest of the country could get used then quiet to foreign influence. Siebold found that trade had go always accompanied with a cultural and intellectual exchange. That the proportion between Siebold and the official Dutch envoys is not always even pleasant, becomes clear from the following. The officials in Deshima report that they did not have much to Siebold. A year later however sees them that Siebold stand at the Japaneses in high look and and an other one for the Dutch trade society has been possible do. Siebolds following reported appear on 10 April 1860. he communicate that its house has burned. Because has also burned its face and hand, he has been possible no longer write a time. Since that time Philipp have carried a barb. Fortunately its former gezellin Sonogi frequently comes zoeken him on. Sonogi, married in 1830, with a merchant, widow had become but meanwhile had again married. Oine, years now 33 old, were prominent hebamme (midwife) in Nagasaki. Siebold established themselves in the country house ` Narutaki at Nagasaki and dedicated themselves to the botanic garden. Japan in the isolation in 1861, becomes Siebold 65 years old. Its contract with the Dutch trade society expires. But the Shogun at Edo invite him from to come keep scientific readings to the court. Also are possible them the policy then concerning to conduct to talk. In Japan the aversion against the expatriate and against the expatriate well disposed shogun grows. The opposition uses of the next battle sense: Long leve the emperor, gone with the expatriate. 16 At the moment that Philipp and Alexander in Yokohama arrive it is there terrible restless. Expatriate are considered as undesirable and stand under military guarding. The Siebolds to stay in a hotel. Philipp find it but much too noisy. Alexander amused itself with a lot of expatriate in the bar of the hotel. There met he among other things the philosopher and anarchist Mikhael Bakoenin, who occurs exactly from Siberia released was.17 three weeks after the Siebolds established had themselves in heavily monitored Akabane-paleis at Edo, it inevitable. The English delegation at Edo is assaulted on 4 July 1861 ronin (homeless samoerai) and 30 english is killed. Political disagreements the consul-generaal of the Netherlands in Japan, the Witt, and the minister of colonies in The Hague is frightened for the influence of Siebold on the shaky shogunaat. Moreover they differ considerably from opinion. All Western powers want see against the dominating Japanese opinion in, several ports opened. Siebold recommend the shogun only opening Nagasaki. The Witt require of Siebold that he returns to Yokohama. Siebold answer hooghartig, which he continues serve the shogun of recommendation. The Dutch, who Siebold find nevertheless already veelte headstrong, recommend the Japaneses returning him. The Japaneses revert on an old truc. Of Siebold employees, Mise Shizo, are accused of espionage. He confidential internal information to Philipp will have played on. Mise Shizo are caught put and Siebold are sent on 18 November 1861 to Yokohama. Angrily and sadly he comes to that, Siebold believe that he has served the Shogun and the Dutch government to honour and conscience. Alexander, 15 years old, get a job as an interpreter on the British embassy at Yokohama. Siebold return to Nagasaki. In the meantime the minister of colonies writes Loudon on 19 November to king Willem III: ` Nach Siebolds Mitteilungen müsse man bezweifeln. ob in seinem Amt always [ mit of the Umsicht und dem politischen Takt ] vorgehe, welche gerade of the [ gegenwärtigen schwierigen Phase of the Beziehungen zwischen Japan und of the Westmächten ] erfordelich sei. 18 Loudon Council the king to to remove and appoint Siebold Japan as a consultant in Japanese matter at nederlands-Indië. April 1862 it is up to that point and Siebold are called back to Batavia. In Batavia Siebold do not see in that its influence beyond are and one no longer necessary has him. Philipp Siebold put gouverneur-generaal for to send him as Dutch envoy to Edo to play there leading political role. To be arguments are as follows: ` of the niederländische Gesandte müsse [ wissenschaftliche attachés ] bei sich haben, which für Verbreitung of the holländische Sprache sorgen und which Tradition of the Holländische Schule fortsetzen sollten. [ Unsere Politik muss which child of the Friedens beschützen: Wissenschaft, industry, Seefahrt und trade. ] Those Holländer besässen in Japan ein grosses Vorrecht: Vertrauen. Muffler müsse genutz became, um pine holländische trade zu erhalten und auszubreiten. 19 All Chinese and Japanese matters in the meantime its categorised at the ministry for foreign affairs. The minister of colonies guesses Siebold to in the Netherlands is argue matter. Siebold leave Batavia and on 10 January 1863 he arrives at its family in Bonn. At the government Thorbecke he insists once again on an appointment as a diplomat in Japan. In Amsterdam its new ethnographic collectie is exhibited. He requests the government purchase these. Both requests are not remunerated. On 7 October 1863 Siebold are pensioned and get a pension of? 4000, - per year. The government progresses immediately a third because of standing debts. However, it are promoted Philipp Franz Siebold to generaal-majoor. Disillusioned Siebold in spring of 1864 return to its birth city Würtzburg. Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold, in the uniform of colonel in the Nederlandsch East-Indian-Indian army in 1859. are laatse years in Würtzburg continue Siebold the Japanese developments follow. Both he are diplomatic corpses offer the French and Russian government to. Unfortunately for him, they want use of it none. In 1866, he leaves to Munich. King Lüdwig I promised is new ethnographic purchase collectie and Siebold opened with its zoon Heinrich a expositie in the Hofgarten. In the meantime there was a war going on between Austria and pruisen. Bavaria had chosen the side of Austria. The pruisen threatened attack Munich. King of Bavaria ried to its collectie Siebold to safety to bring. The king got characterising an answer of Siebold: ` Ich fürchte which Preussen cousin. Sie sind kein Raüberbande. Ausserdem stehe ich im rank eines general und besitze pine preussische rotting Adlerorden. Wenn ich uniform und arrange anlege, möchte ich pine Preussen sehen, of the cousin vor mir strammsteht. 20 During the war threat Siebolds museum only remained open. The straining work of arranging the tentoonstelling took its toll. Siebold become verkouden and get vervolgens blood poisoning. After a brief ziekbed he dies on seventy-year-old age on 18 October 1866. are last words were: ` Ich gehe in ein schönes country, in ein country of the Friedens. 21 With military honour becomes he bury on the Alter Südlicher Friedhof in Munich. Heritage The widow Helene von Siebold moved on 4 May 1868 with its children of Würzburg to Wiesbaden. The library of its late spouse (that total 4250 kilogrammes weighed) would be catalogued by a bookshop ear. This man however sold a large part of the books to antiquarians, among which some copies of the ` flora book Japonica ' and the ` Nippon '. Thousand kilos were done as old paper of the hand. The bookshop ear was condemned up to five months prison sentence. In September 1868 in a special for this arranged hall of the national museum of Bavaria the ethnographic collection of Siebold was exhibited. The collection contained 4000 objects. Siebold had ceded them, with the promise that the collection be bought by the beierse king. After conciliation of Justus von Liebig and after Helene 10,000 guilders in price fell the collectie for 50,000 guilders in 1874, was bought. This collectie forms the basis of the ethnographic museum in Munich. Helene von Siebold died in 1877, and beside its spouse were buried. To be second zoon Heinrich became as well as Alexander a very appreciated diplomat in Japan. Distribution of the heritage. The Japanese government got all manuscripts and book those Siebold in Nagasaki had left behind. In 1873, this material was given to still the existing Deutschen Gesellschaft für Natur - und Völkerkunde Ostasiens in Tokyo. Alexander von Siebold schonk much of in Würzburg kept material to the British museum in London. Among which the rare ` vocabularium linguae Japonica'.22 the royal scientific Akademie in Saint acquired Petersburg in 1871, for 1000 roubles eight mappen with approximately 600 coloured drawings of the ` flora Japonica'.23 the herbarium of Siebold is itself in the Rijksherbarium in Leiden. The basiscollectie of the people-skilled museum in Leiden have been built from the ethnographic collection of Philipp von Siebold. Fifteen trees and shrubs Siebold sent to the leidse hortus, carry on growing there still. In 1932, there was a large tentoonstelling for the ere van Siebold in Leiden. Also a source udder picture of the hand of the sculptor O. Wenckenbach in the hortus were revealed. On the occasion of its ste sterfdag was organised in 1966, in Leiden gedenkfeesten. In 1990, as a component of the leidse hortus the so-called ` Von Siebold Gedenktuin with a keur to Asian plants was opened. In 2002, Von Siebolds former it has been decided tidy up woonhuis to the Rapenburg 19 in Leiden with realm support. The centre for Japans-Nederlandse relations have established here. In the aquarium of Artis are themselves V.o.c-jaar at present ivm. a giant salamander lent by Japan. In the past by Siebold giant salamander 50 years in the aquarium have given lived. Jip Binsbergen, 21 June 2002. Symbol from title booklet Nippon. Work of Philipp von Siebold presently in the Artis library Siebold, Philipp Franz von, Nippon. Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan und dessen Neben - und Schutzländern, Jezo mit pine südlichen Kurilen, Sachalin, Korea und pine Liukiu - Inseln, nach japanischen und europäischen books und eigenen Beobachtungen. Mulder, J., Amsterdam and angle, C.C. of of the, Leyden 1832 - 1852. seven free portfolios. Siebold, Philipp Franz von, Nippon. File for the description of Japan and deszelfs added cijnsbare lands: jezo with the Southern Kurilen, Krafto, Kooraï and Liukiu-eilanden. Dutch text of a part of the work (1 portfolio). Mulder, J., Amsterdam and angle, C.C. of of the, Leyden 1832. Siebold, Philipp Franz von, Nippon. Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan und dessen Neben - und Schutzländern, Jezo mit pine südlichen Kurilen, Sachalin, Korea und pine Liukiu - Inseln, nach japanischen und europäischen books und eigenen Beobachtungen. Republication by its zonen Alex and Heinrich von Siebold. Two-piece, Second presses. Würzburg, Leipzig 1897th Siebold, Philipp Franz von, C.J. Temminck, H. Schlegel & W. the cock, fauna Japonica. Leiden, Düsseldorf, Amsterdam, Leipzig 1833 - 1850th Siebold, Philipp Franz von and J.G. Zuccarini, flora Japonica. Leiden, Amsterdam, Leipzig, paris, Saint Petersburg 1835 - 1841st Siebold, mm. Ph. Fr the et W.H. freeze. Annales d'horticulture et the Botanique Flore of the Jardins etc. Leiden, A.W. Sythoff, 1858th volume I - V, 1858 - 1862 Sieboldia, magazine for pine horticulture in the Netherlands. Tevens body derBoskoopse Pomologische vereeniging under redactie of H. white. First volume no 1.,2 January 1875 Leiden, E.J. Brill 1875. Vrijelijk used and in Artis library present literature: Aafjes, Bertus, a pawn for a blind person, or the matter of the Dutch heelmeesters, Commission for the collective propaganda of the Dutch book, Amsterdam 1973rd Huyssen van Kattendijke, W.J.C., extract from the day book of Huyssen van Kattendijke - during its stay in Japan 1857.,1858 and 1859. The Hague 1860th Kaempfer, Engelbert, Amoenitatum exoticarum politico - physico - medicarum fasciculi V... Asia. Lemgoviae 1712nd Kaempfer, Engelbert, the description of Japan - behelsende a tale of pine ouden and present state and regeering of that richly, etc. Hans Sloane. The Hague, Amsterdam 1729. Körner, Hans, which Würzburger Siebold - Eine Gelehrtenfamilie of the 18 und 19 Jahrhundertes. Degener & co. Neustadt AD Aisch 1967. Krusenstern, A.J. von, atlas of a travel for the world 1803 - 1806th Robas Weesp 1996. drawer Pérouse, Jean Franç the Galoup, the Voyage the autour du monde. Paris an V 1797. Montanus, Arnoldus, Gedenkwaerdig gesantschappen of the East-Indian-Indian Maetschappij in ` t Vereenigde the Netherlands, aen the Kaisaren of Japan, etc. Jac Meurs Amsterdam 1669th Steger, Friedrich, Nippon-vaarders or the wedergeopende Japan. In sketches from the most known older one and newer travel. Leiden 1861. Thunberg, Carl peter, Voyages ow dress - par le cap Bonne-Espérance, lesson îles the drawer probe, etc. Degener & co. Paris an IV 1796th Titsingh, characteristics concerning Japan - containing a report of the huwelyks plegtigheden; burials and festivals of the Japanezen. The Hague 1824th Tjon Sie fat, L.A. and G.J.C.M. of vliet, Philipp von Siebold: its Japanese flora and fauna. Gottmer, J.H. and H.J.W. Becht Haarlem 1990 fox, K., Assignment Japan - von Siebold pioneer and collector. SDU The Hague 1989. Notes 1 Page 363 of Körner, H., which Würzburger Siebold 2 page 364, idem 3 idem 4 Siebold, Philipp Franz von, Nippon, page 29.5 Siebold, Philipp Franz von, Nippon, page 34.6 page 371 of Körner, H., which Würzburger Siebold 7 page 402, idem 8 idem 9 page 405, idem 10 page 406, idem 11 page 419, idem 12 page 425, idem 13 page 426, idem 14 page 449, idem 15 page 426, idem 16 page 59 of Tjon Sie fat, L.A. and G.J.C.M. of vliet, Philipp von Siebold: its Japanese flora and fauna. 17 Page 60, idem 18 page 467 of Körner, H., which Würzburger Siebold 19 page 468, idem 20 page 473, idem 21 idem 22 page 477, idem 23 idem