Carriker, Melbourne Romaine (1915-2007)
Born: February 25, 1915, Vista Nieve, Santa Marta, Colombia
Died: February 25, 2007, Lewes, Delaware, USAOn February 25, 2007, our mentor, colleague, and great friend, Melbourne Romaine Carriker died at Lewes, Delaware. It was his ninety-second birthday. He was surrounded by his children and grandchildren.
Mel's life was as eventful and full as his scientific career. He was born February 25, 1915 to Melbourne Armstrong Carriker, Jr. and Myrtle Carmella Carriker on the family coffee plantation, Vista Nieve, near Santa Marta, Colombia. Mel detailed his boyhood experiences on the plantation in his memoir Vista Nieve (Carriker 2000). In 1925, at the age of ten, Mel participated in his first biological expedition accompanying his father, a world-class ornithologist and entomologist, to the eastern slope of the Andes.
The plantation was sold in 1927. After the sale, the family moved to Tom's River, New Jersey, and Mel's father became a curator of birds at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). Mel attended the public schools and graduated from high school in 1934. In 1934 and early 1935, Mel and his father returned to the Andes in Bolivia on another ornithological expedition (Carriker, Jr. 2006). During the steamship trip, Mel demonstrated his remarkable abilities on the dance floor, exhibiting such skill that other dancers stopped to watch him and his partner. These displays were attributed to lessons provided by Mel's mother in Tom's River (Castillo and Holyoak 2004). This journey to the Andes was epic with train travel to the Alto Plano, a steamer across Lake Titicaca, and brushes with Bolivian troops fighting a war with Argentina (Carriker 2005, Carriker, Jr. 2006). It was during this expedition that Mel contracted malaria.
Mel entered Rutgers University in 1935, majoring in agricultural research and minoring in zoology. He graduated with honors and a B.S. in Zoology in 1938, and it was Mel's aim to become an ornithologist. But in 1938, his undergraduate advisor, Thurlow C. Nelson, persuaded him to begin studying population movements of oyster larvae in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. In the fall of that year, he entered the University of Wisconsin, joining the graduate student group of Lowell E. Noland and studying Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758), the snail vector for swimmer's itch in humans. There he earned a Master of Philosophy and, then, a Doctor of Philosophy degree. Mel's graduate worked focused on radular and digestive anatomy, physiology and function of L. stagnalis. During 1939 at Wisconsin, Mel met Meriel Roosevelt McAllister, known as Scottie. He completed his doctoral dissertation and graduated in June 1943. During summers from 1938 through 1941, Mel returned to Great Bay, New Jersey, and in the summer of 1942 he was placed in charge of the Oyster Investigation Laboratory at Bivalve, New Jersey. These experiences launched his research on Mollusca.
Following graduation from Wisconsin, Mel entered the Naval Officers Training program at Harvard College in June 1943 and emerged an Ensign in the United States Naval Reserve. On October 17, 1943, he and Scottie were married in Richmond, Virginia, at a ceremony officiated by Scottie's uncle. Mel and Scottie would have four sons: Eric, Bruce, Neal, and Robert. Mel was ordered for further training at Fort Schuyler, New York, followed by training in Miami, Florida. Mel was then ordered to the Aleutian Islands to serve aboard a small patrol craft with a crew of 60 men and 5 officers. Since the Japanese had been absent for several months, there was little to do but make patrols, during which his duties were standing watch and burning obsolete codes. Eventually, he was promoted to Lieutenant (junior grade) and was made executive officer (second-in-command). Between patrols, Mel collected muricid gastropods and their blood sera from the Aleutian waters for shipment. Mel laughed that the seamen thought this behavior was odd, but forgave him because he was, after all, an officer, so odd behavior was expected. Mel placed these Alaskan specimens in the alcohol-preserved collections at ANSP in the mid-1980s. Eventually his ship was sent to Pearl Harbor for escort duty, including escorting barges filled with pineapples. At the War's end, Mel was ordered to report for duty aboard a destroyer, patrolling off the Philippines, and became a civilian again on December 25, 1945.
Subsequently, Mel and his family moved in with his mother at Belmar, New Jersey, though he spent some time at Madison, Wisconsin, publishing his dissertation. Although Mel had five offers for positions, he was persuaded by Thurlow Nelson to return to Rutgers and became a Lecturer of Zoology in 1946. Mel came to regret taking the position since many of the faculty remembered him as an undergraduate and still thought of him as such. Then as an Assistant Professor at Rutgers, he developed a graduate course in estuarine ecology and participated in field courses where students and Mel's colleagues from geology and botany studied one of three transects across the state. During 1947--1951, Mel, Thurlow Nelson, and Harold Haskin conducted studies on Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne, 1758) with a view to commercialization. Nelson and Haskin worked in Delaware Bay while Mel worked in Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey. By 1954, it became evident that Rutgers had room for only two marine biologists and Mel opted to accept a position as Assistant Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. During 1954 and 1955, Mel conducted research on oysters and clams on Gardner's Island, New York under the sponsorship of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in collaboration with Victor Loosanoff.
While at UNC, Mel spent 1956 to 1960 conducting research at North Carolina Institute of Fisheries Research. He also cooperated at the National Marine Fisheries Service Laboratory at Morehead City and the Duke University Marine Laboratory at Beaufort, North Carolina. During these summers, Mel focused his research on gastropods that drilled oysters. The Chair of the Department, Charles Jenner, headed both the limnology and marine ecology divisions of the department and undervalued Mel's contributions to the point that Mel was dismissed in 1961.
Mel then accepted a position at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and he and his family moved to Easton, Maryland in the fall of 1961. Mel took up his position at the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Laboratory at Oxford, Maryland, as Chief of the Shellfish Mortality Program. He was in charge of research on MSX, the parasitic disease of Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791 that was gaining a substantial hold on oyster populations in Chesapeake Bay; however, obtaining funding was problematic and frustrating. Just as Mel was beginning at Oxford, he was offered and then accepted the position as Director of the newly established Systematics-Ecology Program at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
The Systematics-Ecology Program operated successfully between 1962 and 1972 to study the flora and fauna of the western North Atlantic. Among other accomplishments, Mel developed the keys to Woods Hole Region with Ralph I. Smith (Smith 1964). He believed that the accurate identification of species was central to good ecological practice. In furtherance of this belief, Mel developed and supervised the publication of the series Keys to the Flora and Fauna of the Northeast Atlantic Coast for the National Marine Fisheries Service. During this time, Mel also served on the Northeastern Regional Council, assembled by the American Institute of Biological Sciences to study bioscience research to be conducted on a manned Earth-orbiting space station (Olive and Beem 1967). By 1972, federal funding was becoming scarce and Mel accepted a full professorship at the College of Marine Studies of the University of Delaware.
Mel (Fig. 1) was responsible for helping to lay out the new Harry L. Cannon Laboratory. He was instrumental in developing the shellfisheries program, and a new species of amoeba found in the tanks was named in his honor (Ovalopodim carrikeri Sawyer, 1980). Mel taught graduate courses in malacology and recruited experts in marine ecology who presented summer graduate courses. He supervised the research of 11 doctoral and 18 master's students, and also served on the doctoral and master's committees of over 150 individuals since 1951.
Mel's research, over six decades, concentrated on the biology of Crassostrea virginica and its predator Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822). He believed that the biology and ecology of predator and prey were entwined and that one could not be understood without knowledge of the other. How does U. cinerea penetrate the shell of C. virginica? How do newly-hatched U. cinerea find C. virginica? What are the structures and physiology of U. cinerea that allow it to bore a hole through the shell of C. virginica and other bivalves? Mel employed everything from simple field observations to x-ray microanalysis. His observations included sound recordings of the rasping of U. cinerea and cinematography which can be viewed on the following web site: (http://www.iwf.de/iwf/do/mkat/details.aspx?Signatur=C+13067). He was also among the first to apply scanning electron microscopy to the microstructure of the radula of U. cinerea and the shells of C. virginica and Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758). Mel identified the accessory boring organ (ABO) of the drills U. cinerea and Eupleura caudate (Say, 1822) and, through anatomical, histological, and histochemical methods, elucidated their structure and function in penetration of bivalve shells. He was able to link the shape of a bore hole with the snail species that produced it even in paleontological specimens (Carriker and Yochelson 1968). Mel's studies also made use of histochemistry, and he examined the elemental analysis of major and minor trace elements in oyster shell using a proton probe, developed by Charles P. Swann. Mel also studied chemoreception by U. cinerea and E. caudata with his student Betsy Brown and post-doctoral fellows Leslie G. Williams and Dan Rittschof. Mel continued to exercise his interest in estuarine pollution and its effects on the benthos, the invasion of coastal waters by exotic species and the impact of those invasions on commercially-valuable molluscan species. Mel summarized much of the results of his long study of oysters in Kennedy et al. (1996) and Mercenaria mercenaria in Kraeuther and Castagna (2001).
Mel served in many scientific organizations. He was particularly active in the National Shellfisheries Association (NSA), and in 1998 the Association founded a student research grant in his name. In the NSA, he served as Treasurer, Secretary, Vice-President, President, and Editor of the Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association. He also was instrumental in the transformation of the Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association into the Journal of Shellfish Research. Mel was named an Honored Life Member of the Association in 1991. In 2005, he authored a history of the association: The Taming of the Oyster. Mel was also active in the American Malacological Society in which he served as Vice-President, President, Member of Council, and was named an Honorary Life Member. He was instrumental in the transformation of the Bulletin of the American Malacological Union into the American Malacological Bulletin and served as a founding Associate Editor. At the most recent meeting of the AMS, a Carriker Student Research Grant program was also founded. He was a member of the Institute of Malacology, which publishes Malacologia, and he long served on the editorial board of the Quarterly Review of Biology. Other professional societies included the American Society of Zoologists, the New England Estuarine Research Federation (in which he was an Honorary Life Member), and the Atlantic Estuarine Research Federation.
Mel retired from the University of Delaware in 1985 at the age of 70 and was named Professor Emeritus. A symposium was held in his honor on the Newark campus at which many of his friends and colleagues presented papers (Prezant and Counts 1985). Mel was so esteemed among his students that in 2001, to honor his 85th birthday, his students surprised Mel with "Carrikerfest", a celebration of his life to date. To further honor his contributions, his students and the university presented him with the Carriker Contemplative Garden just next to the shellfisheries laboratory. Mel, who walked to work on a daily basis, continued working at Lewes until two days before he suffered a stroke. During his emeritus years, Mel continued to submit annual activities reports to the Dean's office, although he was no longer required to do so. Dr. Nancy Targett, Dean of the College, noted that Mel had more productive years in retirement than some faculty members aspire to during their active career. In addition to continuing scientific endeavors, he served as president of the Delaware Partners in the Americas in which he worked for closer scientific cooperation between the University and Panama, and actively served the Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean. By 2007, Mel had authored over 160 professional works (reports, papers, reviews, chapters, books; see list on pp. 000-000), 45 abstracts, and made more than 255 presentations at scientific meetings, a significant portion during his "retirement" years. Mel continued to participate in professional meetings throughout his professional life (Fig. 2). As was true throughout his entire career, Mel deeply respected his students and colleagues. This has been recognized by the National Shellfisheries Association and the American Malacological Society and, joining those professional organizations in memorializing Mel's dedication to his students, the University of Delaware, College of Marine and Earth Studies has now established the Melbourne R. Carriker Student Fellowship Endowment.
Mel will be remembered for his many professional and scientific accomplishments but those of us who were honored to be his friends and students will always treasure the warmth of his friendship, encouragement, high standard of professional conduct, and devotion to the advancement of science. All of us who knew Mel Carriker are better for it.
PROFESSIONAL WORKS
OF MELBOURNE ROMAINE CARRIKER
BY YEAR OF PUBLICATION1943
Carriker, M. R. 1943. On the structure and function of the proboscis in the common oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinema Say. Journal of Morphology 73:441-506.Carriker, M. R. 1943. Variability, developmental changes, and denticle-replacement in the radula of Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say. The Nautilus 57:52-59.
1946
Carriker, M. R. 1946. Morphology of the alimentary system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 38:1-88.Carriker, M. R. 1946. Observations on the functioning of the alimentary system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say. Biological Bulletin 91:88-111.
Carriker, M. R. & N. B. Bilstad. 1946. Histology of the alimentary system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis appressa. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 65:250-273.
Noland, L. E. & M. R. Carriker. 1946. Observations on the biology of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis appressa during twenty generations in laboratory culture. American Midland Naturalist 36:467-493.
1947
Carriker, M. R. 1947. A brief critical survey of the evidence for horizontal movements of oyster larvae. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 1946:28-32.
1949
Carriker, M. R. 1949. Preliminary observations on the predation of commercial shellfish by conchs. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 1949:86-92.
1950
Carriker, M. R. 1950. Killing and preservation of bivalve larvae in fluids. The Nautilus 64:14-17.
Carriker, M. R. 1950. Some recent investigations of native bivalves in New Jersey estuaries. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 1960:69 74.
Carriker, M. R., M. F. Buell & E. T. Moul. 1950. A preliminary list of the literature on the ecology of the estuaries with emphasis on the middle Atlantic coast of the United States. Rutgers University, East Brunswick, New Jersey.
1951
Carriker, M. R. 1951. Ecological observations on the distribution of oyster larvae in New Jersey estuaries. Ecological Monographs 21:19-38.
Carriker, M. R. 1951. Integrated field studies in geology and ecology at Rutgers University. New Jersey Outdoors, Official Publication, New Jersey Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Fish and Game 1951:8-9.
Carriker, M. R. 1951. Observations on the penetration of tightly closing bivalves by Busycon and other predators. Ecology 32:73-83.
1953
Carriker, M. R. 1953. Preliminary studies on the field culture, behavior, and trapping of the larvae of the hard clam Venus (= Mercenaria) mercenaria L. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 1952:70-73.
1954
Carriker, M. R. 1954. A review of those aspects of the biology of the oyster drill Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) fundamental to its control. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 1954:51-60.
Nelson, T. C., D. Gemeroy, C. Shuster & M. R. Carriker. 1946-1954. Laboratory Manual for Biology 101-102. Department of Zoology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
1955
Carriker, M. R. 1955. Critical review of biology and control of oyster drills Urosalpinx and Eupleura. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Reports Fisheries No. 148:1-150.
Carriker, M. R. 1955. Seasonal vertical movements of oyster drills (Urosalpinx cinerea). Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 45:190-198.
Carriker, M. R. 1955. The woods of Home, IN: The worm we live in: Part XII. LIFE, Time, Inc., New York. pp. 246-266.
Carriker, M. R., A. N. Lentz, and J. R. Westman. 1955. Bibliography on snakes, lizards, turtles, frogs, and salamanders of New Jersey. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Leaflet 127:8 pp.
1956 Carriker, M. R. 1956. Biology and propagation of young hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 72:57-60.
Carriker, M. R. 1956. Tables 97, 98, 152, 440. In: Handbook of Biological Data, W. S. Spector, ed., Wright Air Development Center Technical Report 56-273. 584 pp.
1957
Carriker, M. R. 1957. Preliminary study of behavior of newly hatched oyster drills, Urosalpinx cinerea (Say). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 73:323-351.
1958
Carriker, M. R. 1958. Thurlow Christian Nelson (A biographical sketch). Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 48:6-7.
Carriker, M. R. 1958. A review: Living resources of the sea, by L. A. Walford, Ronald Press. Bulletin of the American Institute of Biological Sciences 8:47-48.
Carriker, M. R. 1958. Laboratory guide for marine ecology. Department of Zoology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
1959
Carriker, M. R. 1959. A review: Marine ecology by H. B. Moore. John Wiley and Sons. Limnology and Oceanography 4:231-233.
Carriker, M. R. 1959. Comparative functional morphology of the drilling mechanism in Urosalpinx and Eupleura (Muricid gastropods). Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Zoology (London), Paper 27. pp. 373-376.
Carriker, M. R. 1959. The role of physical and biological factors in the culture of Crassostrea and Mercenaria, in a salt-water pond. Ecological Monographs 29:219-266.
Carriker, M. R. and J. W. Blake. 1959. A method for full relaxation of muricids. The Nautilus 73:16-21.
1960
Carriker, M. R. 1960. A review: Fresh-water Biology, 2nd edition, W. T. Edmondson, ed., John Wiley and Sons. American Institute for Biological Sciences Bulletin 10:43-44.
Carriker, M. R. 1960. Bore hole in a pectinid collected from the deep-sea by the Galathea Expedition. Cover photograph, Science 132:cover.
Carriker, M. R. 1960. T. C. Nelson, Marine Biologist. Science 132:1875-1876.
1961
Carriker, M. R. 1961. Comparative functional morphology of boring mechanisms in gastropods. American Zoologist 1:263-266.
Carriker, M. R. 1961. Interrelation of functional morphology, behavior, and autecology in early stages of the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 77:168-241.
Carriker, M. R. 1961. Suspended sediment as a factor in the ecology of the marine snail Urosalpinx cinerea. In: High school biology, biological investigations for secondary school students. American Institute of Biological Sciences Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, Commission on the Gifted Student. pp. 79-84.
Carriker, M. R. 1961. Thurlow Christian Nelson, marine biologist. Limnology and Oceanography 6:79.
Carriker, M. R. 1961. Use of a mobile floating laboratory for ecological estuarine research. Estuarine Bulletin 6:9-16. [also in Ward's Natural Science Bulletin 34:3-7, 26-27]
1963
Carriker, M. R. 1963. Suspended sediment as a factor in the ecology of the marine snail Urosalpinx cinerea. In: Research problems in biology: Investigations for students, Series 2, Anchor Books, Doubleday and Company, New York. pp. 51-60.
Carriker, M. R., D. B. Scott & G. N. Martin.1963. Calcite bored by gastropod. Cover photograph. Science 139:cover.
Carriker, M. R., D. B. Scott & G. N. Martin. 1963. Demineralization mechanism of boring gastropods. In: R. F. Sognnales, ed., Mechanisms of hard tissue destruction, American Association for the Advancement of Science Publication 75. pp. 55-89.
1964
Carriker, M. R. 1964. A review: Invertebrate Zoology, by R. D. Barnes, W. B. Saunders Company. American Scientist 52:196A, 198A.
Carriker, M. R. 1964. The MBL systematics-ecology program: A synopsis. Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Carriker, M. R. 1964. Report on progress: Systematics-ecology program, September 1962-August 1964. Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
1966
Carriker, M. R. 1966. Report on progress: Systematics-ecology program, September 1965-August 1966. Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Carriker, M. R. & D. Van Zandt. 1966. Accessory boring organ of Urosalpinx cinerea in action, Cover Photo. Bioscience 16:16 (text).
Yentsch, A., M. R. Carriker, R. H. Parker & V. A. Zullo. 1966. Marine and estuarine environments, organisms and geology of the Cape Cod Region. An indexed bibliography 1665-1965. Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Massachusetts) and Leyden Press, Plymouth, Massachusetts.
1967
Carriker, M. R. 1967. Ecology of estuarine benthic invertebrates: A perspective. In: G. H. Lauff, ed., Estuaries. American Association for the Advancement of Science 83:442-487.
Carriker, M. R. 1967. Physiology of Mollusca, Vol. II, edited by Karl M. Wilbur and C. M. Yonge, Academic Press. Physiological Zoology 40:435. [book review]
Carriker, M. R. & J. P. Ostergard. 1967. Research vessel A. E. Verrill. Bioscience 17:727-728.
Carriker, M. R., D. Van Zandt & G. Charlton. 1967. Gastropod Urosalpinx: pH of accessory boring organ while boring. Science 158:920-922.
Person, P. A., A. Smarsh, S. J. Lipson & M. R. Carriker. 1967. Enzymes of the accessory boring organ of the muricid gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea follyensis, I. Aerobic and related oxidative systems. Biological Bulletin 133:401-410.
1968
Carriker, M. R. 1968. Biology of whole organisms. Sixth annual report on progress. Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Carriker, M. R. 1968. Research and research training on the biology of whole organisms. Systematics-Ecology Program Fifth Annual Report on Progress, September 1966-August 1967. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Carriker, M. R. & E. L. Yochelson. 1968. Recent gastropod boreholes and Ordovician cylindrical borings. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 593B:B1 B23.
Tamarin, A. & M. R. Carriker. 1968. The egg capsule of the muricid gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea: An integrated study of the wall by ordinary light, polarized light, and electron microscopy. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 21:26-40.
1969
Carriker, M. R. 1969. Biology of whole organisms--Seventh annual report on progress. Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Carriker, M. R. 1969. Excavation of boreholes by the gastropod, Urosalpinx: An analysis by light and scanning electron microscopy. American Zoologist 9:917-933.
Carriker, M. R. 1969. Marine molluscs as hosts for symbioses, with a review of known parasites of commercially important species by T. C. Cheng, Vol. 5, Advances in Marine Biology, F. S. Russell, ed. 424 pages; 100s, Academic Press, 1967. American Scientist 57:60A-61A. [Book review]
Carriker, M. R. 1969. The shell penetrating mechanism of the oyster drill Urosalpinx, a review. Proceedings of the Conference on Shellfish Culture 1968:61-68.
Carriker, M. R. & E. H. Smith. 1969. Comparative calcibiocavitology: Summary and conclusions. American Zoologist 9:1101-1020.
Carriker, M. R., E. H. Smith & R. T. Wilce (Organizers). 1969. Penetration of calcium carbonate substrates by lower plants, an international interdisciplinary symposium. American Zoologist 9:629-1020.
Carriker, M. R., C. Canning, E. W. Lovell & H. R. Lovell. 1969. Salt pond areas. Annual report, June 1968-May 1969. Leyden Press, Inc., Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Nylen, M. U., D. V. Provenza & M. R. Carriker, 1969. Fine structure of the accessory boring organ of the gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea. American Zoologist 9:935-965
Smarsh, A., H. H. Chauncey, M. R. Carriker & P. Person. 1969. Carbonic anhydrase in the accessory boring organ of the gastropod, Urosalpinx. American Zoologist 9:967-982.
Smith, E. H. & M. R. Carriker. 1969. Introduction to the symposium. American Zoologist 9:633-634.
1972
Carriker, M. R. 1972. Comments on the developmental aspects of organic matrix of molluscan shell. In: H. C. Slavkin, ed., The Comparative Molecular Biology of Extracellular Matrices. Academic Press, New York. pp. 12-16.
Carriker, M. R. 1972. Cover photograph: fracture surface along shell of Mytilus edulis showing surface texture of borehole produced by shellfish predatory Urosalpinx cinerea. Closeup 3.
Carriker, M. R. 1972. Observations on removal of spines by muricid gastropods during shell growth. The Veliger 15:69- 74.
Carriker, M. R., P. Person, R. Libbin & D. Van Zandt. 1972. Regeneration of the proboscis of muricid gastropods after amputation, with emphasis on the radula and cartilages. Biological Bulletin 143:317-331.
Carriker, M. R. & D. Van Zandt. 1972. Predatory behavior of a shell-boring muricid gastropod, In: H. E. Winn and J. Olla, eds., Behavior of marine animals: Current perspectives in research vol. 1: Invertebrates. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 157-244.
Carriker, M. R. & D. Van Zandt. 1972. Regeneration of the accessory boring organ of muricid gastropods after excision. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 91:455-466.
Carriker, M. R., D. Van Zandt & T. J. Grant. 1972. Mechanism of shell penetration by the boring muricid gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea. In: M. R.
Carriker, ed., A decade of whole organism biology, Systematics-Ecology Program, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. pp. 1618.
1973
Carriker, M. R. 1973. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. BioScience 23:607.
Carriker, M. R. & D. Van Zandt. 1973. Activity of the marine gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea in the absence of hibernation. Chesapeake Science 14:285-288.
Carriker, M. R. & H. H. Chauncey. 1973. Effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on shell penetration by the muricid gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea. Malaeologia 12:247-263.
Carriker, M. R. & D. Van Zandt. 1973. Temperature, salinity, and pH of running seawater in the Marine Biological Laboratory, 1962-1972. Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 28 pp.
1974
Carriker, M. R., J. G. Schaadt & V. Peters. 1974. Analysis by slow-motion picture photography and scanning electron microscopy of radular function in Urosalpinx cinereafollyensis (Muricidae, Gastropoda)) during shell penetration. Marine Biology 25:63-76.
Zottoli, R. A. & M. R. Carriker. 1974. Burrow morphology, tube formation, and microarchitecture of shell dissolution by the spionid polychaete Polydora websteri. Marine Biology 27:307-316.
Zottoli, R. A. & M. R. Carriker. 1974. External release of protease by stationary burrow-dwelling polychaetes. Journal of Marine Research 32:331342.
1975
Carriker, M. R. 1975. Radular anomaly in Urosalpinx cinerea (Gastropoda: Muricidae). The Nautilus 89:91-94.
Carriker, M. R. 1975. Opening Comments. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Aquaculture Nutrition, Kent S. Price, ed., College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Newark. pp. 7-12.
1976
Carriker, M. R. 1976. Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Chesapeake Seience 17:311. [Review]
Price, Kent S., M. R. Carriker, C. E. Epifanio, R. F. Srna, G. D. Pruder, E. T. Bolton & K. P. Smith. 1976. Mariculture in controlled environment seawater systems--A review of research at the University of Delaware. FAO Technical Conference on Aquaculture, Kyoto Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. FAO- FIR:AQ/Conf/76/E.37.
1977
Carriker, M. R. 1977. The crucial role of systematics in assessing pollution effects on the biological utilization of estuaries. In: Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment, Proceedings of a Conf held at Pensacola, Florida, February 11-13, 1975. PB-265 467, National Technical Information Service, Springfield VA 22161; EPA Report No 440/1-77-007B, March 1977, 2:487-506.
Carriker, M. R. 1977. Ultrastructural evidence that gastropods swallow shell rasped during hole boring. Biological Bulletin 152:325-336.
1978
Carriker, M. R. 1978. Ultrastructural analysis of dissolution of shell of the bivalve Mytilus edulis by the accessory boring organ of the gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea. Marine Biology 48:105-134.
Carriker, M. R. 1978. Ultrastructure of the mosaicostracal layer in the shell of the bivalve Mytilus edulis. The Veliger 21:411-414.
Carriker, M. R. & L. G. Williams. 1978. The chemical mechanism of shell dissolution by predatory boring gastropods: A review and an hypothesis. Malacologia 17:143-156.
Carriker, M. R., L. G. Williams & D. Van Zandt. 1978. Preliminary characterization of the secretion of the accessory boring organ of the shell-penetrating muricid gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea. Malacologia 17:125-142.
Carriker, M. R., D. Van Zandt & T. J. Grant. 1978. Penetration of molluscan and non-molluscan minerals by the boring gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea. Biological Bulletin 155:511-526.
Gordon, J. & M. R. Carriker. 1978. Growth lines in a bivalve mollusk: Subdaily patterns and dissolution of the shell. Science 202:519-521.
1979
Carriker, M. R. 1979. Molluscan bivalve larvae: Past. present, and future. In: Estuarine Research: Past, Present, and Future. Atlantic Estuarine Research Society, Estuarine Research Federation. pp. 1, 23-28.
Carriker, M. R. 1979. Ultrastructural effect of cleaning molluscan shell with sodium hypochlorite (Clorox). The Nautilus 93:47-50.
Carriker, M. R. & R. E. Palmer. 1979. A new mineralized layer in the hinge of the oyster. Science 206:691-693.
Carriker, M. R. & R. E. Palmer. 1979. Ultrastructural morphogenesis of prodissoconch and early dissoconch valves of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 69:103-128.
Carriker, M. R. & R. E. Palmer. 1979. Ultrastructural morphogenesis of prodissoconch and early dissoconch valves of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Noreleo Reporter 26:14-20. (Front cover of issue with SEM from work that was also done by Betsy Brown).
Palmer, R. E. & M. R. Carriker. 1979. Effects of cultural conditioning on morphology of the shell of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 69:57-72.
Price, K. S., M. R. Carriker, C. E. Epifanio, R. F. Srna, G. D. Pruder, E. T. Bolton & K. P. Smith. 1979. Mariculture in controlled environment seawater systems--A review of research at the University of Delaware (1968-75). In: T. V. R. Pillay & W. A. Dill, eds., Advances in Aquaculture, United Nations, FAO. pp. 525-527.
1980
Carriker, M. R., R. E. Palmer & R. S. Prezant. 1980. Functional ultramorphology of the dissoconch valves of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 70:139-183.
Carriker, M. R., R. E. Palmer, L. V. Sick & C. C. Johnson. 1980. Interaction of mineral elements in seawater and shell of oysters (Crassostrea virginiea) cultured in controlled and natural systems. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 46:279-296.
Carriker, M. R., R. E. Palmer, L. V. Sick & C. C. Johnson. 1980. Interaction of mineral elements in seawater and shell of oysters [Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)] cultured in controlled and natural systems. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 46:279-296.
Gordon, J. & M. R. Carriker. 1980. Sclerotized protein in the shell matrix of a bivalve mollusc. Marine Biology 57:251- 260.
1981
Carriker, M. R. 1981. Review: Skeletal growth of aquatic organisms: Biological records of environmental change, by D. C. Rhoads, R. A. Lutz & F. G. Stehli. The Quarterly Review of Biology 56:498-499.
Carriker, M. R. 1981. Shell penetration and feeding by naticacean and muricacean predatory gastropods: A synthesis. Malacologica 20:403-422.
Carriker, M. R. & R. E. Palmer. 1981. Ultrastructural morphogenesis of prodissoconch and early dissoconch valves of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Philips Electron Optics Bulletin 116:15-17.
1982
Carriker, M. R. 1982. Identification of molecular binding sites for calcium in the organic matrix of molluscan shell. Defense Technical Information Center ADA11355. 19 pp.
Carriker, M. R. & J. Gordon. 1982. Identification of molecular binding sites for calcium in the organic matrix of molluscan shell. College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, CMS-01-82. i + 13 pp.
Carriker, M. R., C. P. Swarm & J. W. Ewart. 1982. An exploratory study with the proton microprobe of the ontogenetic distribution of 15 elements in the shell of living oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Marble Biology 69:235-246.
Carriker, M. R., J. W. Anderson, W. P. Davis, D. R. Franz, G. F. Mayer, J. B. Pearce, T. K. Sawyer, J. H. Tietjen, J. F. Timoney & D. R. Young. 1982. Effects of pollution on benthos. In: G. F. Mayer, ed.. Ecologic stress and the New York bight: Science and management. Estuarine Research Federation (Columbia, South Carolina). pp. 3-21.
Newball, S. & M. R. Carriker. 1982. Ultrastructura de la concha Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1820) de la Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. XVII Congresso Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Tunja, Octobre 1-5.
1983
Newball, S. & M. R. Carriker. 1983. Systematic relationship of the oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae and C. virginica: A comparative ultrastructural study of the valves. American Malacologieal Bulletin 1:35-42.
Prezant, R. S. & M. R. Carriker. 1983. Functional microstructure of the lithodesma of Mytilimeria nuttalli (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata). The Veliger 25:326-328.
Rittschof, D., L. G. Williams, B. Brown & M. R. Carriker. 1983. Chemical attraction of newly hatched oyster drills. Biological Bulletin 164:493-505.
Williams, L. G., D. Rittschof, B. Brown & M. R. Carriker. 1983. Chemotaxis of oyster drills Urosalpinx cinerea to competing prey odors. Biological Bulletin 164:536-548.
1984
Davis, George M., Arthur J. Cain & M. R. Carriker. 1984. Sententia. Report on courses advised for graduate students in the field of malacology. American Malacological Bulletin 2:75-76.
Jory, D. E., M. R. Carriker & E. S. Iversen. 1984. Preventing predation in molluscan mariculture: An overview. Journal of the Worm Mariculture Society 14:421-432.
Swann, C. P., M. R. Carriker & J. W. Ewart. 1984. Significance of environment and chronology on distribution of 16 elements (Na to Sr) in the shells of living oysters. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 3:392-395.
1985
Carriker, M. R. 1985. Predators and the culture of edible marine molluscs in Chile: An overview (Predadores y el cultivo comercial de moluscos en aguas costeras de Chile: Un resumen general.) Abstracts, Symposium Internacional de Aquacultura, Coquimbo, Chile, 1983:189-209.
Counts, D. M. & M. R. Carriker. 1985. An annotated bibliography of contributions to controlled-environmental mariculture. College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Seagrant College Program DEL-SG-07-82.
1986
Carriker, M. R. 1986. Influence of suspended particles on biology of oyster larvae in estuaries. American Malaeological Bulletin, Special Edition No. 3: 41-49.
Carriker, M. R., M. W. Lasalle, R. Mann & D. W. Pritchard. Entrainment of oyster larvae by hydraulic cutterhead dredging operations: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. American Malacological Bulletin, Special
Edition No. 3:71-74.
1988
Carriker, M. R. 1988. Bivalve larval research, in transition: A commentary. Journal of Shellfish Research 7:1-6.
1990
Carriker, M. R. 1990. Functional significance of the pediveliger in bivalve development. In: Brian Morton, ed., The Bivalvia: Proceedings of a memorial symposium in honour of Sir Charles Maurice Yonge, Edinburgh, 1986, Hong Kong University Press. pp. 267-282.
Carriker, M. R. 1990. In search of an ideal location for a marine biological station on the east coast of Uruguay. Report to the rector, Universidad Catolica del Uruguay "Damaso Antonio Larranaga." 16 pp.
Gruber, G. L. & M. R. Carriker. 1990. A note on the accessory boring organ and shell boring by the "loco," Concholepas concholepas (Muricidae, Gastropoda). Bulletin of Marine Science 47:739-744.
1991
Carriker, M. R., C. P. Swann, R. S. Prezant & C. L. Counts, III. 1991. Chemical elements in the aragonitic and calcitic microstructural groups of shell of the oyster Crassostrea virginica : A proton probe study. Marine Biology 109:287-297.
1992
Carriker, M. R. 1992. Prismatic shell formation in continuously isolated (Mytilus edulis) and periodically exposed (Crassostrea virginica) extrapallial spaces: Explicable by the same concept? American Malacological Bulletin 9:193-197.
Carriker, M. R. 1992. Introductions and transfers of molluscs: Risk considerations and implications. Journal of Shellfish Research 11:507-510.
Carriker, M. R. 1992. Oyster Culture in the Caribbean, edited by Gary F. Newkirk & Becky A. Field. National Shellfisheries Association Newsletter, Fall. p. 3 [Book Review]
1994
DiSalvo, L. H. & M. R. Carriker. 1994. Planktonic, metamorphic, and early benthic behavior of the Chilean loco Concholepas concholepas (Muricidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Journal of Shellfish Research 13:57-66.
Carriker, M. R. 1994. Biology of veliger larvae and early juveniles of the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria: Relevance in culture. Memorias VII Congreso Latino Americano de Acuiculture. Seminario nacional de Acuiculture. La Acuicultura y el Desarrollo Sostenible. (Santafe de Bogota, Columbia). pp. 482-485.
1996
Carriker, M. R. 1996. History of a systematics odyssey: The marine flora and fauna of the eastern United States. Marine Fisheries Review 58:1-23.
Carriker, M. R. 1996. In memoriam: R. Tucker Abbott, 1919-1995. Journal of Shellfish Research 15:185-190.
Carriker, M. R. 1996. Moluscos del Caribe Colombiano. Un Catologo Illustrado, by Juan Manuel Diaz, Merlano and Monica Payana Hegedas. Bulletin of Marine Science 58:324-326. [Book review]
Carriker, M. R. 1996. Ontogenetic trends of elements (Na to Sr) in prismatic shell of living Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) grown in three ecologically dissimilar habitats for 28 weeks: a proton probe study. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 201:87-135.
Carriker, M. R. & P. M. Gaffney. 1996. A catalogue of selected species of living oysters (Ostreacea) of the world. In: Victor S. Kennedy, Roger I. E. Newell, Albert F. Eble, eds. The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica, Maryland Sea Grant College, College Park. pp. 1-18.
Carriker, M. R. 1996. The shell and ligament. In: V. S. Kennedy, R. I. E. Newell, Albert F. Eble, eds., The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica, Maryland Sea Grant College, College Park. pp. 75-168.
Carriker, M. R., C. P. Swann, J. Ewart & C. L. Counts, III. 1996. Ontogenetic trends of elements (Na to Sr) in prismatic shell of living Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) grown in three ecologically dissimilar habitats for 28 weeks: A proton probe study. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 201:87-135.
1998
Carriker, M. R. 1998. Predatory gastropod traces: a comparison of verified shallow-water and presumed deep-sea boreholes. American Malacologieal Bulletin 14:121-131.
Carriker, M. R. 1998. The National Shellfisheries Association. A brief history of a venerable society. NSA Quarterly Newsletter, Spring 1998:3-4.
1999
Carriker, M. R. & G. L. Gruber. 1999. Uniqueness of the gastropod accessory boring organ (ABO): Comparative biology, an update. Journal of Shellfish Research 18:579-595.
2000
Carriker, M. R. 2000. Vista Nieve: The remarkable true adventures of an early twentieth century naturalist and his family in Colombia, South America. Blue Mantle Press, Rio Hondo, Texas,
2001
Carriker, M. R. 2001. Embryogenesis and organogenesis of veligers and early juveniles. In: John Kraeuther & M. Castagna, eds., Biology of the Hard Clam. Elsevier, New York. pp. 77-115.
Carriker, M. R. 2001. Functional morphology and behavior of veligers and early juveniles. In: John Kraeuther & M. Castagna, eds., Biology of the Hard Clam. Elsevier, New York. pp. 289303.
2004
Carriker, M. R. 2004. Taming of the Oyster: A History of Evolving Shellfisheries and the National Shellfisheries Association. National Shellfisheries Association, Groton, Connecticut.
2005
Carriker, M. R. 2005. In Memoriam John B. Glude 1918-2004. Journal of Shellfish Research 24:1-4.
Carriker, M. R. 2005. The bird call of the Ri6 Beni. Adventures of a father and son on an ornithological expedition in the jungles of western Bolivia, South America in 1934-1935. A diary with commentary. No. 104 in the Historical Adventure and Exploration Series, The Narrative Press, Crabtree, Oregon.
2006
Carriker, M. R. & R. C. Dalgleish, eds. 2006. Experiences of an ornithologist along the highways and byways of Bolivia: Collecting birds in an isolated, magnificent land in the nineteen thirties, by M. A. Carriker, Jr. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, Indiana.
2007
Wiedenfeld, D. A. & M. R. Carriker. 2007. In Memoriam: M. Armstrong Carriker, Jr., 1879-1965. The Auk 124:342-343.